Chapter 10
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| What are two reasons why cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely? | The larger a cell becomes... 1the more demans the cell places on its DNA 2the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane
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| T/F As a cell increases in size, it usually makes extra copies of its DNA | False
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| What determines the rate at which food and oxygen in a cell are used up and waste products are produced? | Cell's volume
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| How can you obtain a cells ratio of surface area to volume? | Divide the surface area by the volume
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| If a cell's surface area is 6 cm2 and its volume ios 1 cm3, what is its ration of surface area to volume? | 6:1
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| T/F As a cell grows in size, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area. | True
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| What happens to a cell's ratio of surface area to volume as the cell's volume increases more rapidly than its surface area? | The ratio decreases
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| What is cell division? | The process by which the cell divides into 2 new daughter cells
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| How does cell division solve the problem of increasing size? | by reducing cell volume
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| T/F Chromosomes are not visible in most cells except during cell division. | true
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| When chromosomes become visible at the beginning of cell division, what does each chromosome consist of? | DNA and protein molecules
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| Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the ??? | centromere
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| The period of growth in between cell divisions is called ?? | interphase
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| What is the cell cycle? | The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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| The division of the cell nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle is called??? | mitosis
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| Interphase is divided into what 3 phases? | G1, S, G2
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| What happens during the G1 phase? | Cells do most of their growing , cells increase in size, and synthesize new proteins and organelles
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| What happens during the S phase? | Chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place, key proteins are synthesized
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| What happens in the G2 phase? | Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
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| What are the 4 phases of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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| What are the 2 tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope at the beginning of prophase? | Centrioles
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| What is the spindle? | A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate chromosomes
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| Chromosomes move until they form 2 groups near the poles of the spindle. phase of mitosis? | anaphase
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| Chromosomes become visible. phase of mitosis? | prophase
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| A nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes. phase of mitosis? | Telophase
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| Centrioles take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus. phase of mitosis? | Prophase
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| Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. phase of mitosis? | Metaphase
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| The nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus. phase of mitosis? | Telophase
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| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm
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| How does cytokinesis occur in most animal cells? | The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into 2 nearly equal parts
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| What forms midway between the divided nucleus during cytokinesis in plant cells | Cell plate
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| What happens to the cells at the edges of an injury when a cut in the skin or a break in a bone occurs? | Cells at the edges of the injury are stimulated to divide rapidly
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| What happens to the rapidly dividing cells when the healing process nears completion? | The rate of cell division slows down, controls on growth are restored, and everything returns to normal.
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| What do cyclins regulate? | The timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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| What are internal regulators? | Proteins that respond to events inside the cell
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| External Regulators... | 1Direct cells to speed up or slow down during the cell cycle. 2Include growth factors 3Prevent excessive cell growth and keep the tissues of the body from disrupting each other.
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| What is cancer? | A disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
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| Cancer cells don't respond to signals that regulate ______ | the growth of most cells
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| Cancer cells form masses of cells called ______ | tumors
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| Cancer cells break loose and spread throughout the ______ | body
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| T/F Cancer is disease of the cell cycle | True
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