Bio 1 Final Exam
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| Which strand is replicated continuously? | Leading
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| Which strand is replicated in short fragments? | Lagging
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| Which strand is replicated in the 3' to 5' direction? | Lagging
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| Which strand is replicated in the 5' to 3' direction? | Leading
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| Which enzyme break hydrogen bonds and unwinds DNA? | Helicase
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| Which enzyme keeps DNA from winding back up or knotting? | Topisomerase
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| Which enzyme puts down an RNA primer? | Primase
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| Which enzyme puts down the DNA bases? | DNA Polymerase 3
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| Which enzyme removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA bases? | DNA Polymerase 1
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| Which enzyme links okasaki fragments together? | DNA Ligase
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| What are non coding repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes? | Telomeres
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| What enzyme catalyzes lengthening of telomeres? | Telomerase
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| Codon | mRNA
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| Anti-codon | tRNA
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| Transcription | DNA-->mRNA
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| Translation | mRNA--> Protein
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| RNA polymerase | synthesizes RNA
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| Non-coding regions of mRNA | Intron
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| Coding regions of mRNA | Exon
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| Poly-A Tail | Determines life span of mRNA
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| What is the E-Site? | Exit site
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| What is a ribosome? | Protein with RNA catalytic active site
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| Where does the first tRNA sit? | P-site
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| What does PTC-124 do? | Overrides premature stop codon
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| In what phase does tRNA enter the P-site? | Initiation
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| In what phase does an amino acid chain form? | Elongation
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| What occurs in termination? | Stop codon stops elongation, polypeptide releases, ribosome splits into two subunits
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| Misense Mutation | When a single base change results in a change of amino acid
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| Nonsense Mutation | Resulting in a premature stop codon
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| Mismatch Repair | Corrects errors of DNA that result in mispaired DNA nucleotides
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| Excision Repair | Corrects DNA errors that result from damage
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| Point Mutation | Single base change
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| Template of Transcription? | DNA
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| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus
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| What is the promoter region? | TATA Box, where transcription starts
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| Poly-A-Tail | added to the 3' end of RNA
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| 5' cap | Added to the 5' end of RNA; holds RNA together while it travels through the cell
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| Where does translation occur? | cytoplasm
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| What is the template of translation? | mRNA
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| Griffith's Experiment | -proved that cells can be transformed
-mice; S-cells, R-cells
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| ribozyme | An RNA with enzymatic activity
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| Messylson Experiment | N15/N14
DNA replicates semi-conservatively
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| Changaff's Rule | A pairs with T, C pairs with G
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| Xenoderma Pigmentosum | cannot go out in sun without major damage to skin cells resulting in skin cancer
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| What does it mean for DNA to be complementary? | A-T and C-G
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| What does DNA Polymerase 2 do? | proofreading enzyme involved in DNA repair
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| What does it mean for DNA to be anti-parrallel? | The 3' end and 5' end are opposite and upside down when attatched
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| Methyl G Cap | Lets RNA out of nucleus
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| What is a TATA box? | where transcription begins
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| What end is the OH group on? | 3'
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| What end is the Phosphate group on? | 5'
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| Is N15 heavy or light? | Heavy
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| Is N14 heavy or light? | Light
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| What protein stabilizes DNA, and keeps strands apart? | Single Stranded Binding Proteins
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| Silent Mutation | A mutation that is caused by a change in nucleotides, has no effect, and still codes in the same amino acids
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| Who discovered the 3D shape of DNA? | Watson and Crick
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| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | Protein sticking off a membrane helps the substance attatch to vesicle and go into the cell
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| Endocytosis | Plasma membrane surrounds materials and forms membrane bound vesicles (entering cells)
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| Peripheral Protein | Attached to the inside or outside of membrane
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| Sight of Photosynthesis | Chloroplast; Light Reaction: Thylakoid membrane; Dark reaction: Stroma
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| Amphipathic | consists of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region
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| Exocytosis | vesicles that release contents out of the cell
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| Passive Diffusion | occurs without the help of ATP or a protein
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| Potential Energy | stored energy
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| Autotroph | any organism that makes its own food without eating, decomposing, or absorbing other organisms or organic molecules
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| Phagocytosis | membrane extends and wraps around substance and brings it inside of cell
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| Endergonic Reaction | requires input of energy; + Delta G; Anabolic
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| Cilia | hair like; movement of cells
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| Centrioles | makes microtubules
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| Microtubules | used during cell division, pulls chromosomes apart
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| Intermediate filament | shows where cancer comes from
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| When you diet where do the "lost" pounds go? | created into CO2 and H2O
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| Communicating (Gap) Junctions | provide channels between cells in which there is rapid transport of materials
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| Glycolysis | Occurs in the cytoplasm; breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH; substrate level phosphorylation
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| Nuclear Pore | guards DNA access point inside nucleus
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| Chloroplast | convert solar energy to chemical energy
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| Krebs Cycle | 2 Cycles; Occurs in Mitochondrial matrix; A ACetyl Co A converted to 2 ATP, 2FADH, 6 NADH; Waste product is CO2; substrate level phosphorylation
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| Pyruvate yields | Acetyl Co A
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| Electron Transport Chain | where energy is created; Occurs in Cristae; Proteins that transfer H+; 4 Proteins pump H+ into intermembrane and one that pumps from intermembrane into matrix (ATP Synthase, Chemiosmosis); yields 34 ATP and H2O
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| What molecule gets rid of excess H+ in matrix? | Oxygen; Cytochrome A3
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| Cellular Respiration Products | 38 ATP; CO2; H2O
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| Cristae | inner membrane of mitochondria
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | total amount of energy in the universe is constant
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| turnover rate | rate at which an enzyme takes substrate and converts it to product
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| Anti-port | transporting protein transporting 2 substances in 2 directions
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| Phospholipid | head- hydrophilic; tail- hydrophobic
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| 3 Types of Cytoskeletal elements | 1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filament
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| Osmosis | movement of water from high to low concentration of solute
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| Glycoprotein | peripheral protein with a chain of carbohydrates attached to it; tells the identity of the cell
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| Diffusion | movement of substances from high to low concentraion
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| 2 Organelles involved with energy | Chloroplast and Mitochondria
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| Lysosome | digests substances with toxic enzymes; "Degrades"; "Suicide sac"
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| Tight Junctions | block movement of substances; Occulin
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| Anchoring Junctions | join cells and provide structural support
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| Vacuole | used for storage; in fat cells in animals; complex: cells- small; simple cells: large
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| Light Reactions | splits water with energy from the sun; eleases O2; occurs in thylakoid membrane; creates ATP and NADP; electron transopt chain and ATP synthase
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| Calvin Cycle | anabolic cycle occuring in stroma where sugar is created from CO2 and NADPH; DArk reactions
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| Why don't plants need Oxygen? | Pumps H+ from Electon Transport Chain into the stroma; does not require Oxygen because does not mess up the hydrogen gradient
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| Nucleus | control center of the cell; contains DNA
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| C3 Plants | do normal photosynethesis
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| CAM Plants | live in conditions; conserve H2O by closing stomata all day and performing light cycle in dark
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| Facilitated Diffusion | occurs through a protein
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| Cell Theory | All cells come from pre-exsting cells; Al organisms are made from cells
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| Names for Kreb Cycle | Citric Acid Cycle; TCA Cycle
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| Extra Cellular Matrix | communication between outside and inside of cell
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| Mitochondria | power house of the cell; makes ATP; more then one in one cell
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| Pinocytosis | membrane creates gap for substance to enter cell and closes off a vesicle
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| Inhibitors | Block enzyme action
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| Nuclear Lamina | used for structure of nuclear membrane
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | membranes that transfer vesicles; has ribosomes; makes proteins
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| Animal Cell | has plasma membrane
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| Prokaryotes | unicellular- basic; have cell wall, ribosomes and simples DNA; lack cellular organelles that eukaryotes have; no nucleus
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| Flagella | Movement of cells; Long tails
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| What do lysosomes and peroxisomes have in common? | in WBC; helps with immune defense
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| Competitive Inhibitor | binds to active site
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| Second LAw of Thermodynamics | energy transformation increases entropy
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| Cytoplasm | aka Cytosol; holds organelles
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| Noncompetitive inhibitor | binds to secondary site on enzyme changing the shape of the active site
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| Feedback Inhibition | product of enzyme blocks active site
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| Enzymes | large proteins that lower the energy of activation
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| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion
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| Electrogenic Pumps | generate voltage across a membrane by transport of ions
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| Hypertonic | more solute then solvent
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| Exergonic Reaction | releases energy; - Delta G; Catabolic
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| Aquaporin | rapid H2O transport channels
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| Symport | transporter protein transporting 2 substances in the same direction
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| Golgi Apparatus | "UPS" of Cell; makrs and labels where vesicles go; send store and recieve
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| Hypotonic | more solvent than solute
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| Isotonic | same amount of solvent and solute
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| Eukaryote | complex internal structure with membrane and nonmembraneous organelles
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| What does fluid mosaic mean? | phospholipid bilayer is constantly moving and a "mosaic" of protien
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| Plant Cell | Cell wall, plasma membrane, vacuole, chloroplast
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| Uniport | transport protein transporting one substance in one direction
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| Microfilaments | cause contraction of muscle cells
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | membrane that transfers vesicles, synthesizes lipids, processes materials
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| Cholesterol | keeps layer form becoming too fluid and moving around too much
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| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | adds phosphate to a substrate to make energy
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| Integral Protein | goes all the way through the membrane and uused to transport
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| Peroxisome | detoxifies
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| Nucleolis | responsible for ribosomal RNA synethesis
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| Hydrogen Intermediaries | carry hydrogen; ex: FADH, NADH
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| Chemiosmosis | creates Hydrogen gradient to create energy
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