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Which strand is replicated continuously?
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Which strand is replicated in short fragments?
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Bio 1 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which strand is replicated continuously? | Leading |
| Which strand is replicated in short fragments? | Lagging |
| Which strand is replicated in the 3' to 5' direction? | Lagging |
| Which strand is replicated in the 5' to 3' direction? | Leading |
| Which enzyme break hydrogen bonds and unwinds DNA? | Helicase |
| Which enzyme keeps DNA from winding back up or knotting? | Topisomerase |
| Which enzyme puts down an RNA primer? | Primase |
| Which enzyme puts down the DNA bases? | DNA Polymerase 3 |
| Which enzyme removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA bases? | DNA Polymerase 1 |
| Which enzyme links okasaki fragments together? | DNA Ligase |
| What are non coding repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes? | Telomeres |
| What enzyme catalyzes lengthening of telomeres? | Telomerase |
| Codon | mRNA |
| Anti-codon | tRNA |
| Transcription | DNA-->mRNA |
| Translation | mRNA--> Protein |
| RNA polymerase | synthesizes RNA |
| Non-coding regions of mRNA | Intron |
| Coding regions of mRNA | Exon |
| Poly-A Tail | Determines life span of mRNA |
| What is the E-Site? | Exit site |
| What is a ribosome? | Protein with RNA catalytic active site |
| Where does the first tRNA sit? | P-site |
| What does PTC-124 do? | Overrides premature stop codon |
| In what phase does tRNA enter the P-site? | Initiation |
| In what phase does an amino acid chain form? | Elongation |
| What occurs in termination? | Stop codon stops elongation, polypeptide releases, ribosome splits into two subunits |
| Misense Mutation | When a single base change results in a change of amino acid |
| Nonsense Mutation | Resulting in a premature stop codon |
| Mismatch Repair | Corrects errors of DNA that result in mispaired DNA nucleotides |
| Excision Repair | Corrects DNA errors that result from damage |
| Point Mutation | Single base change |
| Template of Transcription? | DNA |
| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus |
| What is the promoter region? | TATA Box, where transcription starts |
| Poly-A-Tail | added to the 3' end of RNA |
| 5' cap | Added to the 5' end of RNA; holds RNA together while it travels through the cell |
| Where does translation occur? | cytoplasm |
| What is the template of translation? | mRNA |
| Griffith's Experiment | -proved that cells can be transformed -mice; S-cells, R-cells |
| ribozyme | An RNA with enzymatic activity |
| Messylson Experiment | N15/N14 DNA replicates semi-conservatively |
| Changaff's Rule | A pairs with T, C pairs with G |
| Xenoderma Pigmentosum | cannot go out in sun without major damage to skin cells resulting in skin cancer |
| What does it mean for DNA to be complementary? | A-T and C-G |
| What does DNA Polymerase 2 do? | proofreading enzyme involved in DNA repair |
| What does it mean for DNA to be anti-parrallel? | The 3' end and 5' end are opposite and upside down when attatched |
| Methyl G Cap | Lets RNA out of nucleus |
| What is a TATA box? | where transcription begins |
| What end is the OH group on? | 3' |
| What end is the Phosphate group on? | 5' |
| Is N15 heavy or light? | Heavy |
| Is N14 heavy or light? | Light |
| What protein stabilizes DNA, and keeps strands apart? | Single Stranded Binding Proteins |
| Silent Mutation | A mutation that is caused by a change in nucleotides, has no effect, and still codes in the same amino acids |
| Who discovered the 3D shape of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | Protein sticking off a membrane helps the substance attatch to vesicle and go into the cell |
| Endocytosis | Plasma membrane surrounds materials and forms membrane bound vesicles (entering cells) |
| Peripheral Protein | Attached to the inside or outside of membrane |
| Sight of Photosynthesis | Chloroplast; Light Reaction: Thylakoid membrane; Dark reaction: Stroma |
| Amphipathic | consists of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region |
| Exocytosis | vesicles that release contents out of the cell |
| Passive Diffusion | occurs without the help of ATP or a protein |
| Potential Energy | stored energy |
| Autotroph | any organism that makes its own food without eating, decomposing, or absorbing other organisms or organic molecules |
| Phagocytosis | membrane extends and wraps around substance and brings it inside of cell |
| Endergonic Reaction | requires input of energy; + Delta G; Anabolic |
| Cilia | hair like; movement of cells |
| Centrioles | makes microtubules |
| Microtubules | used during cell division, pulls chromosomes apart |
| Intermediate filament | shows where cancer comes from |
| When you diet where do the "lost" pounds go? | created into CO2 and H2O |
| Communicating (Gap) Junctions | provide channels between cells in which there is rapid transport of materials |
| Glycolysis | Occurs in the cytoplasm; breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH; substrate level phosphorylation |
| Nuclear Pore | guards DNA access point inside nucleus |
| Chloroplast | convert solar energy to chemical energy |
| Krebs Cycle | 2 Cycles; Occurs in Mitochondrial matrix; A ACetyl Co A converted to 2 ATP, 2FADH, 6 NADH; Waste product is CO2; substrate level phosphorylation |
| Pyruvate yields | Acetyl Co A |
| Electron Transport Chain | where energy is created; Occurs in Cristae; Proteins that transfer H+; 4 Proteins pump H+ into intermembrane and one that pumps from intermembrane into matrix (ATP Synthase, Chemiosmosis); yields 34 ATP and H2O |
| What molecule gets rid of excess H+ in matrix? | Oxygen; Cytochrome A3 |
| Cellular Respiration Products | 38 ATP; CO2; H2O |
| Cristae | inner membrane of mitochondria |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | total amount of energy in the universe is constant |
| turnover rate | rate at which an enzyme takes substrate and converts it to product |
| Anti-port | transporting protein transporting 2 substances in 2 directions |
| Phospholipid | head- hydrophilic; tail- hydrophobic |
| 3 Types of Cytoskeletal elements | 1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filament |
| Osmosis | movement of water from high to low concentration of solute |
| Glycoprotein | peripheral protein with a chain of carbohydrates attached to it; tells the identity of the cell |
| Diffusion | movement of substances from high to low concentraion |
| 2 Organelles involved with energy | Chloroplast and Mitochondria |
| Lysosome | digests substances with toxic enzymes; "Degrades"; "Suicide sac" |
| Tight Junctions | block movement of substances; Occulin |
| Anchoring Junctions | join cells and provide structural support |
| Vacuole | used for storage; in fat cells in animals; complex: cells- small; simple cells: large |
| Light Reactions | splits water with energy from the sun; eleases O2; occurs in thylakoid membrane; creates ATP and NADP; electron transopt chain and ATP synthase |
| Calvin Cycle | anabolic cycle occuring in stroma where sugar is created from CO2 and NADPH; DArk reactions |
| Why don't plants need Oxygen? | Pumps H+ from Electon Transport Chain into the stroma; does not require Oxygen because does not mess up the hydrogen gradient |
| Nucleus | control center of the cell; contains DNA |
| C3 Plants | do normal photosynethesis |
| CAM Plants | live in conditions; conserve H2O by closing stomata all day and performing light cycle in dark |
| Facilitated Diffusion | occurs through a protein |
| Cell Theory | All cells come from pre-exsting cells; Al organisms are made from cells |
| Names for Kreb Cycle | Citric Acid Cycle; TCA Cycle |
| Extra Cellular Matrix | communication between outside and inside of cell |
| Mitochondria | power house of the cell; makes ATP; more then one in one cell |
| Pinocytosis | membrane creates gap for substance to enter cell and closes off a vesicle |
| Inhibitors | Block enzyme action |
| Nuclear Lamina | used for structure of nuclear membrane |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | membranes that transfer vesicles; has ribosomes; makes proteins |
| Animal Cell | has plasma membrane |
| Prokaryotes | unicellular- basic; have cell wall, ribosomes and simples DNA; lack cellular organelles that eukaryotes have; no nucleus |
| Flagella | Movement of cells; Long tails |
| What do lysosomes and peroxisomes have in common? | in WBC; helps with immune defense |
| Competitive Inhibitor | binds to active site |
| Second LAw of Thermodynamics | energy transformation increases entropy |
| Cytoplasm | aka Cytosol; holds organelles |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | binds to secondary site on enzyme changing the shape of the active site |
| Feedback Inhibition | product of enzyme blocks active site |
| Enzymes | large proteins that lower the energy of activation |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion |
| Electrogenic Pumps | generate voltage across a membrane by transport of ions |
| Hypertonic | more solute then solvent |
| Exergonic Reaction | releases energy; - Delta G; Catabolic |
| Aquaporin | rapid H2O transport channels |
| Symport | transporter protein transporting 2 substances in the same direction |
| Golgi Apparatus | "UPS" of Cell; makrs and labels where vesicles go; send store and recieve |
| Hypotonic | more solvent than solute |
| Isotonic | same amount of solvent and solute |
| Eukaryote | complex internal structure with membrane and nonmembraneous organelles |
| What does fluid mosaic mean? | phospholipid bilayer is constantly moving and a "mosaic" of protien |
| Plant Cell | Cell wall, plasma membrane, vacuole, chloroplast |
| Uniport | transport protein transporting one substance in one direction |
| Microfilaments | cause contraction of muscle cells |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | membrane that transfers vesicles, synthesizes lipids, processes materials |
| Cholesterol | keeps layer form becoming too fluid and moving around too much |
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | adds phosphate to a substrate to make energy |
| Integral Protein | goes all the way through the membrane and uused to transport |
| Peroxisome | detoxifies |
| Nucleolis | responsible for ribosomal RNA synethesis |
| Hydrogen Intermediaries | carry hydrogen; ex: FADH, NADH |
| Chemiosmosis | creates Hydrogen gradient to create energy |
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