General - Protozoa
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| Parasitic diseases are common to what climate? | Warm
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| What can affect parasite distribution? | Social and economic conditions.
Greater numbers in developing countries
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| The degree of injury from a parasite depends on what factors? | Number, Size, Activity, and location in host
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| Diagnosis of a parasite requires what? | lab detection and identification
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| Unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms | Protozoa
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| What parasites are in the Protozoa group? | Amebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Hemoglagellates, and Sporozoa
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| Pseudopodia | Amebas
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| Flagella | Flagellates
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| Cilia | Ciliates
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| Flagella ; Blood & Tissue protozoa | Hemoflagellates
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| Protozoa are what type of parasite? | Endoparasite
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| Metazoa; Worm-like invertebrates | Helminths
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| Intestinal roundworms | Nematodes
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| Tissue roundworms | Filariae
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| Tapeworm (segmented flat worm) | Cestoda
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| Fluke (non segmented flat worm) | Trematoda
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| Hard exoskeleton, Jointed appendages | Arthropods
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| Flies, Mosquitoes, Bugs, Lice are what? | Insects
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| Ticks and Mice are what category? | Arachnids
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| Arthropods are what kind of parasite? | Ectoparasite
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| Active, vegetative form of Protozoa | Trophozoite
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| Inactive, resistant, infectious form | Cyst
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| Mature stage of Helminths | Adult
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| Egg stage of Helminths | Ovum (Ova)
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| Immature stage of Helminths | Larvae
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| Pinworm | Enterobious vermicularis
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| What sample is preferred in parasite testing? | Stool
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| How many specimens are sufficient for detection of Helminth ova? | 1 or 2
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| How many specimens are sufficient for detection of Protozoa? | 3 specimen collected every other day
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| What preservatives are used on stool samples? | Formalin
Polyvinyl alcohol
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| How soon should a stool sample be tested in the lab? | As soon as possible
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| Formalin is made of what? | 10% V/V aqueous formaldehyde
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| Formalin ratio for feces | 1:3
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| Polyvinyl alcohol ratio for feces | 1:3
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| Formalin is used for what identification? | Wet mounts only!
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| Polyvinyl alcohol is used for what identification? | Permanent smears
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| SAF stands for | sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin
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| SAF is used for | Permanent smears and concentrated methods
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| What color do protozoa stain with Iron hematoxylin stain? | Gray-blue to black
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| Protozoa stain what color with Trichrome stain? | blue-green to purple`
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| What color is the background with a trichrome stain? | green
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| what objective is necessary for smears? | Oil Objective (100x)
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| Flotation uses what solution? | zinc sulfate
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| what is the specific gravity of the zinc sulfate solution used in flotation? | 1.180
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| Flotation is best for what parasites? | Protozoan cysts, Hymenolepsis nana ova, and Hookworm ova
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| Formalin ethyl acetate centrifugation is another term for what procedure? | Sedimentation
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| Which method is better: sedimentation or flotation? | Sedimentation
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| What Iodine solutions are best? | Dobell and O'Connor
or
D'Antoni's
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| Which iodine solutions are okay to use, but not best? | Lugols
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| What solutions should you never use to stain parasites? | Gram's or Burkes
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| Iodine Wet Mount procedure | cover mount and seal with vespar
scan on 10x. use 40x to identify.
DO NOT USE OIL!
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| Trichrome Stain Smear Procedure | use 40x to scan. use 100x to identify. Must use fine focus to identify characteristics
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| What scanning style should be used? | Overlapping fields
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| Device to measure things on a microscope | ocular micrometer
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| mm scale used to calibrate micrometer | scale micrometer
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| lumen dwelling protozoan cysts are found in | normal stool
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| lumen dwelling protozoan trophozoites are found in | diarrhea
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| which entamoeba species is pathogenic? | Entamoeba histolytica
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| Which entamoeba species is non-pathogenic? | entamoeba dispar
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| Round, peripheral chromatin, nucleolus in center (dot) | Entamoeba Histolytica
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| Lumen dwelling protozoan cause | Amebiasis
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| Lumen dwelling protozoan cysts are found in | contaminated food and water
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| Amoebas can cause | amebic dysentery
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| how is entamoeba histolytica transmitted? | person-to-person
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| mature cysts of entamoeba histolytica have how many nuclei | 4+
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| what is the smaller species in the entamoeba category? | Entamoeba hartmanii
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| Lumpy chromatin, eccentric nucleus, cysts have up to 8 nuclei. blunt, jagged end to chromatoidal bodies | entamoeba coli
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| nana means what?http://www.studystack.com/EditData2.jsp?studyStackId=600576# | small
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| no perichromatin, large karyosome | endolimax nana
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| commensal parasite | iodamoeba butschlii
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| 40-50% have 2 nuclei. No cyst. Karyosome in 3-4 pieces | dientamoeba fragilis
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| what is the habitat for free-living amoebas? | natural warm waters (ponds, lakes) and soil
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| free living amoebas are distributed where? | worldwide
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| acute primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) | Naegleria fowleri
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| severe headache, vomiting, fever, rapid progression to coma and death (<10days) | naegleria fowleri
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| subacute or chronic granulomatous encephalitis | Acanthamoeba species
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| skin infections, keratitis, corneal ulcers are from | Acanthamoeba species
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| Free living amebic infections are diagnosed by | CSF, biopsy, corneal scrapings
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| Free living amebic infections are contracted mostly by: | swimming. parasite is in water that gets into nose. travels to CNS. can cause eye infections if water is in eyes.
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| What is the only pathogenic ciliate? | Balantidium coli
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| What parasite is associated with monkeys and swine? | Balantidium coli
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| Macronucleus, vacuoles, and cytosome (mouth) | Balantidium coli
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| What is the common disease caused by Balantidium coli? | Balantidiasis
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| What is the most common worldwide Protozoan infection? | Giardiasis
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| Also known as "Beaver Fever" and "Hitchhikers Diarrhea" | Giardia
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| This protozoan affects the small intestine, above the duodenum | Giardia
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| Fatty/frothy stool, malabsorption, bloating, flatulance, steatorrhea | Giardiasis
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| Trophs and cysts of Giardia are found in | stool and/or duodenal contents
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| Flagellate. Binucleate. Adhesion cup. Very flat. Looks like a face. | Giardia
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| The enterotest aka "string test" is used for what species? | Giardia
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| How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted? | Sexually
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| How many new cases of T. Vaginalis are there each year in the US? | 5 million
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| Asymptomatic infections are more common in men than women in this disease: | Trichomoniasis
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| What type of identification method is best for T. Vaginalis | Wet mounts. They will have a jerky movement
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| Trophs of T. Vaginalis will appear in what samples? | Smears and urine
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| Pear shaped, large nucleus, Flagellate, unjulate membrane | Trichomonas Vaginalis
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| Where are Cryptosporidium species found? | Aquatic environments that are resistant to chlorination
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| How is Cryptosporidiosis diagnosed? | Oocysts in stool
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| What can be used to identify the Cryptosporidium species? | Immunofluorescence. Highly sensitive
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| Cryptosporidium species can be stained using what? | Acid Fast stain
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| What should be used to diagnosis blood and tissue protozoa? | Peripheral blood smear or biopsy tissue
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| How is Toxoplasmosis transmitted? | Through cat feces and raw meat
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| How is Toxoplasmosis diagnosed? | Serological testing
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| What are the symptoms of Toxoplamosis? | mild to symptomatic ; flu-like symptoms
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| What is the primary host of Toxoplasma gondii? | Domestic cats
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| Oocysts from domestic cat feces can affect what body systems? | Muscular, Eye, and CNS
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| When do congenital infections of Toxoplasmosis occur? | During pregnancy
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| What is the most common form of Malaria? | Plasmodium Vivax
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| Plasmodium Falciparum is also know as | Black Water Fever
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| How is Malaria transmitted? | By the Anopheles species of mosquitoes
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| How is Malaria diagnosed? | Trophs, Schizonts, and Gametocytes found in peripheral blood
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| Malaria is endemic in how many countries? | 90 Countries
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| Malaria infects how many people worldwide? | 500 Million
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| How many people die annually from Malaria? | 2.7 Million
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| What age group dies most often from Malaria? | Children
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| What does Malaria cause? | Red Blood Cell destruction
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| What is the infective form of plasmodium? | sporozoites
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| What is the method of infection for Malaria? | Mosquito bites another human, injecting sporozoites.
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| What is the infectious form of plasmodium for RBCs? | Merozoites and cryptozoites
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| This infection has a cyclic condition, with symptoms occuring every 36, 48, 72 hrs. | Malaria
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| What type of blood smear should be used to diagnose Malaria? | Thick blood smear
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| How do you make a thick peripheral blood smear? | Place three drops on slide. Use corner edge of another slide to mix in circular pattern
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| Plasmodium vivax attacks what portion of the body? | Reticulocytes
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| What form of Plasmodium has multiple trophs in RBCs | P. Falciparum
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| What shape is P. Falciparum? | Crescent shaped
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| Which Plasmodium species has stipling? | P. Vivax
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| Which Plasmodium species has a banded form? | P. Malariae
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| Which Plasmodium species has some drug resistance? | Plasmodium Falciparum
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| Test that is antigen specific for three forms of malaria? | Binax NOW
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| Babesia microti & Babesia divergens cause what common name disease? | Babesiosis
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| Babesiosis is what kind of disease? | Zoonotic
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| What is Babesiosis transmitted by? | Ixoides ticks
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| How is Babesiosis diagnosed? | Trophs in the peripheral blood
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| Vaculoe, Tetrad, Maltese cross, resembles P. Falciparum | Babesia microti
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| What parasite has no schizont form? | Babesia sp.
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| American trypanosomiasis is also known as what? | Chagas' Disease
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| What kind of disease is American trypanosomiasis? | Vector borne
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| What is American trypanosomiasis transmitted by? | "Kissing bug" (bug usually infects area around nose and lips. nocturnal)
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| What is the vector for American trypanosomiasis? | Reduvvid bug
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| What is the typical shape of American trypanosomiasis in the peripheral blood? | C or S shaped
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| What are the symptoms of American trypanosomiasis? | Systemic disease. Affects the heart, muscles, and eyes.
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| How is American trypanosomiasis transmitted from the "kissing bug"? | The bug defecates on the host, possibly causing an immune reaction, so the host scratches the site to cause an abrasion. The feces then infect the abrasion.
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| How is American trypanosomiasis diagnosed? | Peripheral blood or biopsy tissue
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| What is found in the peripheral blood of a patient with American trypanosomiasis? | Trypomastigotes
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| What is found in a tissue biopsy of a patient with American trypanosomiasis? | Amastigotes
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| Leishmania species causes what disease? | Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
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| What is the vector of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis | Phlebotomine sandflies
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| How often is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis found in the US? | Very rare
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| Who does Cutaneous Leishmaniasis usually affect? | Military personnel
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| Where is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis endemic? | South America and Middle East
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| What are the Phlebotomine sandflies that cause Cutaneous Leishmaniasis also known as? | Biting flies
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