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Parasite Exam 1
General - Protozoa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parasitic diseases are common to what climate? | Warm |
| What can affect parasite distribution? | Social and economic conditions. Greater numbers in developing countries |
| The degree of injury from a parasite depends on what factors? | Number, Size, Activity, and location in host |
| Diagnosis of a parasite requires what? | lab detection and identification |
| Unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms | Protozoa |
| What parasites are in the Protozoa group? | Amebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Hemoglagellates, and Sporozoa |
| Pseudopodia | Amebas |
| Flagella | Flagellates |
| Cilia | Ciliates |
| Flagella ; Blood & Tissue protozoa | Hemoflagellates |
| Protozoa are what type of parasite? | Endoparasite |
| Metazoa; Worm-like invertebrates | Helminths |
| Intestinal roundworms | Nematodes |
| Tissue roundworms | Filariae |
| Tapeworm (segmented flat worm) | Cestoda |
| Fluke (non segmented flat worm) | Trematoda |
| Hard exoskeleton, Jointed appendages | Arthropods |
| Flies, Mosquitoes, Bugs, Lice are what? | Insects |
| Ticks and Mice are what category? | Arachnids |
| Arthropods are what kind of parasite? | Ectoparasite |
| Active, vegetative form of Protozoa | Trophozoite |
| Inactive, resistant, infectious form | Cyst |
| Mature stage of Helminths | Adult |
| Egg stage of Helminths | Ovum (Ova) |
| Immature stage of Helminths | Larvae |
| Pinworm | Enterobious vermicularis |
| What sample is preferred in parasite testing? | Stool |
| How many specimens are sufficient for detection of Helminth ova? | 1 or 2 |
| How many specimens are sufficient for detection of Protozoa? | 3 specimen collected every other day |
| What preservatives are used on stool samples? | Formalin Polyvinyl alcohol |
| How soon should a stool sample be tested in the lab? | As soon as possible |
| Formalin is made of what? | 10% V/V aqueous formaldehyde |
| Formalin ratio for feces | 1:3 |
| Polyvinyl alcohol ratio for feces | 1:3 |
| Formalin is used for what identification? | Wet mounts only! |
| Polyvinyl alcohol is used for what identification? | Permanent smears |
| SAF stands for | sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin |
| SAF is used for | Permanent smears and concentrated methods |
| What color do protozoa stain with Iron hematoxylin stain? | Gray-blue to black |
| Protozoa stain what color with Trichrome stain? | blue-green to purple` |
| What color is the background with a trichrome stain? | green |
| what objective is necessary for smears? | Oil Objective (100x) |
| Flotation uses what solution? | zinc sulfate |
| what is the specific gravity of the zinc sulfate solution used in flotation? | 1.180 |
| Flotation is best for what parasites? | Protozoan cysts, Hymenolepsis nana ova, and Hookworm ova |
| Formalin ethyl acetate centrifugation is another term for what procedure? | Sedimentation |
| Which method is better: sedimentation or flotation? | Sedimentation |
| What Iodine solutions are best? | Dobell and O'Connor or D'Antoni's |
| Which iodine solutions are okay to use, but not best? | Lugols |
| What solutions should you never use to stain parasites? | Gram's or Burkes |
| Iodine Wet Mount procedure | cover mount and seal with vespar scan on 10x. use 40x to identify. DO NOT USE OIL! |
| Trichrome Stain Smear Procedure | use 40x to scan. use 100x to identify. Must use fine focus to identify characteristics |
| What scanning style should be used? | Overlapping fields |
| Device to measure things on a microscope | ocular micrometer |
| mm scale used to calibrate micrometer | scale micrometer |
| lumen dwelling protozoan cysts are found in | normal stool |
| lumen dwelling protozoan trophozoites are found in | diarrhea |
| which entamoeba species is pathogenic? | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Which entamoeba species is non-pathogenic? | entamoeba dispar |
| Round, peripheral chromatin, nucleolus in center (dot) | Entamoeba Histolytica |
| Lumen dwelling protozoan cause | Amebiasis |
| Lumen dwelling protozoan cysts are found in | contaminated food and water |
| Amoebas can cause | amebic dysentery |
| how is entamoeba histolytica transmitted? | person-to-person |
| mature cysts of entamoeba histolytica have how many nuclei | 4+ |
| what is the smaller species in the entamoeba category? | Entamoeba hartmanii |
| Lumpy chromatin, eccentric nucleus, cysts have up to 8 nuclei. blunt, jagged end to chromatoidal bodies | entamoeba coli |
| nana means what?http://www.studystack.com/EditData2.jsp?studyStackId=600576# | small |
| no perichromatin, large karyosome | endolimax nana |
| commensal parasite | iodamoeba butschlii |
| 40-50% have 2 nuclei. No cyst. Karyosome in 3-4 pieces | dientamoeba fragilis |
| what is the habitat for free-living amoebas? | natural warm waters (ponds, lakes) and soil |
| free living amoebas are distributed where? | worldwide |
| acute primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) | Naegleria fowleri |
| severe headache, vomiting, fever, rapid progression to coma and death (<10days) | naegleria fowleri |
| subacute or chronic granulomatous encephalitis | Acanthamoeba species |
| skin infections, keratitis, corneal ulcers are from | Acanthamoeba species |
| Free living amebic infections are diagnosed by | CSF, biopsy, corneal scrapings |
| Free living amebic infections are contracted mostly by: | swimming. parasite is in water that gets into nose. travels to CNS. can cause eye infections if water is in eyes. |
| What is the only pathogenic ciliate? | Balantidium coli |
| What parasite is associated with monkeys and swine? | Balantidium coli |
| Macronucleus, vacuoles, and cytosome (mouth) | Balantidium coli |
| What is the common disease caused by Balantidium coli? | Balantidiasis |
| What is the most common worldwide Protozoan infection? | Giardiasis |
| Also known as "Beaver Fever" and "Hitchhikers Diarrhea" | Giardia |
| This protozoan affects the small intestine, above the duodenum | Giardia |
| Fatty/frothy stool, malabsorption, bloating, flatulance, steatorrhea | Giardiasis |
| Trophs and cysts of Giardia are found in | stool and/or duodenal contents |
| Flagellate. Binucleate. Adhesion cup. Very flat. Looks like a face. | Giardia |
| The enterotest aka "string test" is used for what species? | Giardia |
| How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted? | Sexually |
| How many new cases of T. Vaginalis are there each year in the US? | 5 million |
| Asymptomatic infections are more common in men than women in this disease: | Trichomoniasis |
| What type of identification method is best for T. Vaginalis | Wet mounts. They will have a jerky movement |
| Trophs of T. Vaginalis will appear in what samples? | Smears and urine |
| Pear shaped, large nucleus, Flagellate, unjulate membrane | Trichomonas Vaginalis |
| Where are Cryptosporidium species found? | Aquatic environments that are resistant to chlorination |
| How is Cryptosporidiosis diagnosed? | Oocysts in stool |
| What can be used to identify the Cryptosporidium species? | Immunofluorescence. Highly sensitive |
| Cryptosporidium species can be stained using what? | Acid Fast stain |
| What should be used to diagnosis blood and tissue protozoa? | Peripheral blood smear or biopsy tissue |
| How is Toxoplasmosis transmitted? | Through cat feces and raw meat |
| How is Toxoplasmosis diagnosed? | Serological testing |
| What are the symptoms of Toxoplamosis? | mild to symptomatic ; flu-like symptoms |
| What is the primary host of Toxoplasma gondii? | Domestic cats |
| Oocysts from domestic cat feces can affect what body systems? | Muscular, Eye, and CNS |
| When do congenital infections of Toxoplasmosis occur? | During pregnancy |
| What is the most common form of Malaria? | Plasmodium Vivax |
| Plasmodium Falciparum is also know as | Black Water Fever |
| How is Malaria transmitted? | By the Anopheles species of mosquitoes |
| How is Malaria diagnosed? | Trophs, Schizonts, and Gametocytes found in peripheral blood |
| Malaria is endemic in how many countries? | 90 Countries |
| Malaria infects how many people worldwide? | 500 Million |
| How many people die annually from Malaria? | 2.7 Million |
| What age group dies most often from Malaria? | Children |
| What does Malaria cause? | Red Blood Cell destruction |
| What is the infective form of plasmodium? | sporozoites |
| What is the method of infection for Malaria? | Mosquito bites another human, injecting sporozoites. |
| What is the infectious form of plasmodium for RBCs? | Merozoites and cryptozoites |
| This infection has a cyclic condition, with symptoms occuring every 36, 48, 72 hrs. | Malaria |
| What type of blood smear should be used to diagnose Malaria? | Thick blood smear |
| How do you make a thick peripheral blood smear? | Place three drops on slide. Use corner edge of another slide to mix in circular pattern |
| Plasmodium vivax attacks what portion of the body? | Reticulocytes |
| What form of Plasmodium has multiple trophs in RBCs | P. Falciparum |
| What shape is P. Falciparum? | Crescent shaped |
| Which Plasmodium species has stipling? | P. Vivax |
| Which Plasmodium species has a banded form? | P. Malariae |
| Which Plasmodium species has some drug resistance? | Plasmodium Falciparum |
| Test that is antigen specific for three forms of malaria? | Binax NOW |
| Babesia microti & Babesia divergens cause what common name disease? | Babesiosis |
| Babesiosis is what kind of disease? | Zoonotic |
| What is Babesiosis transmitted by? | Ixoides ticks |
| How is Babesiosis diagnosed? | Trophs in the peripheral blood |
| Vaculoe, Tetrad, Maltese cross, resembles P. Falciparum | Babesia microti |
| What parasite has no schizont form? | Babesia sp. |
| American trypanosomiasis is also known as what? | Chagas' Disease |
| What kind of disease is American trypanosomiasis? | Vector borne |
| What is American trypanosomiasis transmitted by? | "Kissing bug" (bug usually infects area around nose and lips. nocturnal) |
| What is the vector for American trypanosomiasis? | Reduvvid bug |
| What is the typical shape of American trypanosomiasis in the peripheral blood? | C or S shaped |
| What are the symptoms of American trypanosomiasis? | Systemic disease. Affects the heart, muscles, and eyes. |
| How is American trypanosomiasis transmitted from the "kissing bug"? | The bug defecates on the host, possibly causing an immune reaction, so the host scratches the site to cause an abrasion. The feces then infect the abrasion. |
| How is American trypanosomiasis diagnosed? | Peripheral blood or biopsy tissue |
| What is found in the peripheral blood of a patient with American trypanosomiasis? | Trypomastigotes |
| What is found in a tissue biopsy of a patient with American trypanosomiasis? | Amastigotes |
| Leishmania species causes what disease? | Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| What is the vector of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis | Phlebotomine sandflies |
| How often is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis found in the US? | Very rare |
| Who does Cutaneous Leishmaniasis usually affect? | Military personnel |
| Where is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis endemic? | South America and Middle East |
| What are the Phlebotomine sandflies that cause Cutaneous Leishmaniasis also known as? | Biting flies |
Created by:
ashleywest16
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