For Communication Disorders
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| The space between the vocal folds is the _____. | Glottis
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| The _____ is the primary muscle responsible for change of vocal frequency. | Cricothyroid
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| The _____ effect states that given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow. | Bernoulli
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| _____________ is the process of capturing air in the thorax to provide muscles with a structure upon which to push or pull. | Abdominal Fixation
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| In _________, the vocal folds are adducted before the initiation of expiratory flow. | Glottal Attack
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| In _________, the vocal folds are adducted after the initiation of the expiratory flow. | Breathy Attack
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| In __________, the vocal folds are adducted simultaneously with initiation of expiratory flow. | Simultaneous Attack
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| During modal phonation, the vocal folds open from ____________ to _________ and close from ___________ to ____________. | Inferior, Superior; Inferior, Superior
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| The minimum subglottal driving pressure for speech is _________. | 3 cm H2O to 5 cm H2O
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| In the mode of vibration known as ____________, the vocal folds vibrate at a much lower rate than in modal phonation, and the folds exhibit a syncopated vibratory pattern. | Glottal Fry
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| In the mode of vibration known as ___________, the vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin and reedlike. | Falsetto
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| Presence of vocal nodules or other space occupying laryngeal pathology may result in _____________. | Breathy Phonation
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| To increase vocal intensity, one must ______ subglottal pressure and _____ medial compression. | Increase, Increase
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| To Increase vocal fundamental frequency, one must __________ vocal fold tension by _________ the vocal folds. | Increase, Lengthening
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| _____________ is the pitch of phonation that is optimal or most appropriate for an individual. | Optimal Pitch
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| _______________ is the vocal pitch habitually used during speech. | Habitual Pitch
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| As vocal intensity increases, the closed phase of the vibratory cycle _________. | Increases
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| ______________ are the parameters of speech above the phonic level. List them. | Suprasegmentals. They include: pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration, and rhythm.
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| _________ refers to changes in pitch | Intonation
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| The melodic envelope that contains the sentence and marks the sentence type: | Intonation
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| __________ provides emphasis to syllables or words through both intensity changes and frequency changes. | Stress
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| __________ is the level of sound pressure of the speech signal. | Vocal Intensity
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| _________ the vocal folds to initiate phonation and _________ the vocal folds to terminate phonation. | adduct, abduct
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| The ____________ muscle rocks the arytenoid cartilage on its axis, tipping the vocal folds in and slightly down. | Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
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| The ________________ muscle rocks the arytenoid out. | Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
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| The _____________ muscle draws the posterior surfaces of the arytenoids closer together. | Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
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| The ______________ muscle assists the vocal folds to dip downward when they are adducted. | Oblique Arytenoid Muscle
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| The ____________ & ______________ muscles function to increase tension of the vocal folds, therefore increasing the fundamental frequency. | Thyrovocalis and Cricothyroid Muscles
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| List the Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | Thyrovocalis, Thyromuscularis, Cricothyroid, Lateral and Posterior Cricoarytenoid, Transverse and Oblique Interarytenoid, and Superior Thyroarytenoid Muscles
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| List the Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | Infrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles
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| The ___________ and __________ elevate the hyoid bone. | Digastricus Anterior and Digastricus Posterior
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| The ___________ elevates the hyoid bone and draws if forward. | Geniohyoid Muscle
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| The _____________ & _____________ muscles elevate the larynx. | Thyropharyngeus and Cricopharyngeus
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| These 3 muscles depress the larynx: | Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and Omohyoid Muscles.
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| ____________ are found between the tongue and the epiglottis, in folds formed by the lateral and median glossoepiglottic ligaments. | Valleculae
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| List the paired cartilages of the Larynx: | Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform
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| List the unpaired cartilages of the Larynx: | Cricoid, Thyroid, and Epiglottis
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| ____________ is speech with little or no perceived variation in pitch. | Monopitch
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| _______ is a quality of unvarying vocal loudness. | Monoloud.
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| Changes in vocal fundamental frequency are governed by the tension of the ___________ and their _____________. | vocal folds, mass per unit length
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| Pitch Range | The range of phonation possible, calculated as the highest frequency of vibration minus the lowest frequency of vibration.
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| ___________ is a harsh sound produced upon inhalation or exhalation. | Laryngeal Stridor
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| _____________ is repeated vibration of a body at the same frequency | oscillation
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| ___________is the combination of changes in fundamental frequency and vocal intensity that provides linguistically relevant information | Prosody
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| __________ is abnormal increase in muscle tone. | Hypertonus
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| The mode of vibration used for daily speaking | modal register
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| the mode of phonation produced with extra airflow through the partially adducted vocal folds | Breathy (pressed) Phonation
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| Speech produced without vocal fold vibration by causing air to pass along edges of the tensed vocal folds, thus producing a friction sound source | Whipsered Speech
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| ________ is the loss of voicing | Aphonia
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| ________ is the loss of voluntary motor function due to lesion in the nervous system | Paralysis
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| ________ is weakness arising from lesion in the nervous system | Paresis
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| ________ are muscles with both origin and insertion in the larynx. | Intrinsic Muscles
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| _______ are muscles with one attachment in the larynx and one attachment outside the larynx. | Extrinsic Muscles
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| ________ is an indentation or cavity | Fossa
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| Valleculae and Pyriform Sinuses are __________. | Pharyngeal Recesses
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| ________ is a pair of small indentations between the tongue and epiglottis. | Valleculae
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| The _________ is composed of the upper quadrangular membranes and aryepiglottic folds, the lower conus elasticus, and the vocal ligament. | fibroelastic membrane
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| ________ is the entrance of the larynx. | Aditus
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| ________ refers to cavities or passageways to structures. | Ventricular
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| ________ is the anterior-most region of the glottis. | Anterior commissure of the glottis
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| ________ is the posterior-most region of the glottis. | Posterior commissure of the glottis
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| The thyroid and cricoid articulate by means of the __________, which lets the 2 cartilages come closer together in front. | Cricothyroid Joint
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| The _____ stretches across the space between the greater cornu of the hyoid and the _____. | thyroid membrane, lateral thyroid cartilage
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| The vestibule is the cavity between the aditus and the _____ folds | ventricular folds or false vocal folds.
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| the space between the false vocal folds and the true vocal folds | laryngeal ventricle (sinus)
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| The anterior extension of the laryngeal ventricle is the ____ and has 60+ mucous glands | laryngeal saccule
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| In adults at rest, the glottis is approximately ____ mm long and ___ mm wide. | 20 mm by 8 mm.
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| The anterior ____ of the vocal margin is made up of soft tissue. In adult males the free margin is approx ___ mm long and in adult females it is approx. ____ mm. | 3/5's, males: 15 mm, females: 12 mm
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| The posterior ____ of the vocal folds is the cartilage of the arytenoids. It is aka the cartilaginous glottis and may be between ___ and ___ mm long. | 2/5's, 4 to 8 mm
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| On the lateral surfaces of the cricoid are _______ for the arytenoids and the thyroid cartilage. | facets marking the point of articulation
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| The thyroid cartilage has 2 plates called _____ that join at the ______. | thyroid laminae; thyroid angle
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| The superior most point of the thyroid angle is the _____. | thyroid notch
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| On the lateral superficial aspect of the thyroid laminae there is the ____. | oblique line
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| The ____ on the arytenoid projects toward the thyroid notch. | vocal process
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| The ____ on the arytenoid is the point of attachment for vocal fold adductors/abductors. | muscular process
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| The epiglottis attaches to the thyroid cartilage by the ______ ligament | thyroepiglottic ligament
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| The epiglottis is joined to the arytenoid cartilages via _____. | aryepiglottic folds
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| The epiglottis attaches to the root of the tongue by the median _______ fold and the paired _______ folds. | glosso-epiglottic; lateral glosso-epiglottic
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| Nonspeech Laryngeal Functions | Coughing
Throat Clearing
Abdominal Fixation
Laryngeal Dilation (abduction)
Swallowing
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| Laryngeal Functions for Speech | Phonation
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| Vocal Attack | The process of bringing the vocal folds together to begin phonation, requiring muscular action
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| Types of Vocal Attack: | Simultaneous, Breathy, Glottal
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| Bad Vocal Attacks | Hard Glottal and Breathy Phonation (extreme)
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| Sustained Phonation | Maintenance of laryngeal posture thru tonic contraction of musculature
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| Modes of Vocal Fold Vibration | Vertical Mode: open from inferior to superior and also close from inferior to superior
Anterior-Posterior Mode: open from posterior to anterior, but closure at the end of the cycle is made by the medial edge of the v.f., with posterior edge closing last
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| Modal Register | Modal Register is used for conversation.
2 variations:
Pressed – medial compression of the vf’s is greatly increased.
Breathy – medial compression of the vf’s is greatly decreased;
variations = air wastage, inefficient.
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| Vocal Register: Glottal Fry | (Pulse Register)
Extremely low pitch,
rough in nature
decreased respiratory support (takes about 2cm H²O).
Tension of the thyrovocalis is reduced.
Vocal folds are adducted about 90% of the time.
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| Vocal Register: Falsetto | Highest register; vocal folds lengthen and become thin, tend to vibrate along the bowed margins. They make contact only briefly and the degree of movement is reduced
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| Vocal Register: Whistle | a register above falsetto; not a mode of vibration as much as it is a result of turbulence across the vocal folds – occurs as high as 2500 Hz.
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| Vocal Register: Whispering | : not a true phonatory mode, but it does require laryngeal adjustments.
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| Pitch | Perception of frequency
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| Average Fundamental Frequency | Reflects habitual pitch over a longer averaging period (sustained vowel productions, reading passages, conversational sample).
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| Pitch Range | The lowest to highest pitch a person can produce (usually 2 octaves).
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| Pitch Changing | Produced by changing tension, length, and mass of the vocal folds:
Increase tension, increase pitch
Increase length, increase pitch
Decrease mass, increase pitch
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| Intensity Changes | Loudness is the correlate of intensity.
Increase vocal intensity by increasing subglottal pressure and medial compression.
Can increase pitch without increasing intensity – separate mechanisms
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| Terminate Phonation | Abduct the vocal folds
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| Caroline is ___. | Cool
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