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A&P Deane
For Communication Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The space between the vocal folds is the _____. | Glottis |
| The _____ is the primary muscle responsible for change of vocal frequency. | Cricothyroid |
| The _____ effect states that given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow. | Bernoulli |
| _____________ is the process of capturing air in the thorax to provide muscles with a structure upon which to push or pull. | Abdominal Fixation |
| In _________, the vocal folds are adducted before the initiation of expiratory flow. | Glottal Attack |
| In _________, the vocal folds are adducted after the initiation of the expiratory flow. | Breathy Attack |
| In __________, the vocal folds are adducted simultaneously with initiation of expiratory flow. | Simultaneous Attack |
| During modal phonation, the vocal folds open from ____________ to _________ and close from ___________ to ____________. | Inferior, Superior; Inferior, Superior |
| The minimum subglottal driving pressure for speech is _________. | 3 cm H2O to 5 cm H2O |
| In the mode of vibration known as ____________, the vocal folds vibrate at a much lower rate than in modal phonation, and the folds exhibit a syncopated vibratory pattern. | Glottal Fry |
| In the mode of vibration known as ___________, the vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin and reedlike. | Falsetto |
| Presence of vocal nodules or other space occupying laryngeal pathology may result in _____________. | Breathy Phonation |
| To increase vocal intensity, one must ______ subglottal pressure and _____ medial compression. | Increase, Increase |
| To Increase vocal fundamental frequency, one must __________ vocal fold tension by _________ the vocal folds. | Increase, Lengthening |
| _____________ is the pitch of phonation that is optimal or most appropriate for an individual. | Optimal Pitch |
| _______________ is the vocal pitch habitually used during speech. | Habitual Pitch |
| As vocal intensity increases, the closed phase of the vibratory cycle _________. | Increases |
| ______________ are the parameters of speech above the phonic level. List them. | Suprasegmentals. They include: pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration, and rhythm. |
| _________ refers to changes in pitch | Intonation |
| The melodic envelope that contains the sentence and marks the sentence type: | Intonation |
| __________ provides emphasis to syllables or words through both intensity changes and frequency changes. | Stress |
| __________ is the level of sound pressure of the speech signal. | Vocal Intensity |
| _________ the vocal folds to initiate phonation and _________ the vocal folds to terminate phonation. | adduct, abduct |
| The ____________ muscle rocks the arytenoid cartilage on its axis, tipping the vocal folds in and slightly down. | Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle |
| The ________________ muscle rocks the arytenoid out. | Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle |
| The _____________ muscle draws the posterior surfaces of the arytenoids closer together. | Transverse Arytenoid Muscle |
| The ______________ muscle assists the vocal folds to dip downward when they are adducted. | Oblique Arytenoid Muscle |
| The ____________ & ______________ muscles function to increase tension of the vocal folds, therefore increasing the fundamental frequency. | Thyrovocalis and Cricothyroid Muscles |
| List the Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | Thyrovocalis, Thyromuscularis, Cricothyroid, Lateral and Posterior Cricoarytenoid, Transverse and Oblique Interarytenoid, and Superior Thyroarytenoid Muscles |
| List the Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx | Infrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles |
| The ___________ and __________ elevate the hyoid bone. | Digastricus Anterior and Digastricus Posterior |
| The ___________ elevates the hyoid bone and draws if forward. | Geniohyoid Muscle |
| The _____________ & _____________ muscles elevate the larynx. | Thyropharyngeus and Cricopharyngeus |
| These 3 muscles depress the larynx: | Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and Omohyoid Muscles. |
| ____________ are found between the tongue and the epiglottis, in folds formed by the lateral and median glossoepiglottic ligaments. | Valleculae |
| List the paired cartilages of the Larynx: | Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform |
| List the unpaired cartilages of the Larynx: | Cricoid, Thyroid, and Epiglottis |
| ____________ is speech with little or no perceived variation in pitch. | Monopitch |
| _______ is a quality of unvarying vocal loudness. | Monoloud. |
| Changes in vocal fundamental frequency are governed by the tension of the ___________ and their _____________. | vocal folds, mass per unit length |
| Pitch Range | The range of phonation possible, calculated as the highest frequency of vibration minus the lowest frequency of vibration. |
| ___________ is a harsh sound produced upon inhalation or exhalation. | Laryngeal Stridor |
| _____________ is repeated vibration of a body at the same frequency | oscillation |
| ___________is the combination of changes in fundamental frequency and vocal intensity that provides linguistically relevant information | Prosody |
| __________ is abnormal increase in muscle tone. | Hypertonus |
| The mode of vibration used for daily speaking | modal register |
| the mode of phonation produced with extra airflow through the partially adducted vocal folds | Breathy (pressed) Phonation |
| Speech produced without vocal fold vibration by causing air to pass along edges of the tensed vocal folds, thus producing a friction sound source | Whipsered Speech |
| ________ is the loss of voicing | Aphonia |
| ________ is the loss of voluntary motor function due to lesion in the nervous system | Paralysis |
| ________ is weakness arising from lesion in the nervous system | Paresis |
| ________ are muscles with both origin and insertion in the larynx. | Intrinsic Muscles |
| _______ are muscles with one attachment in the larynx and one attachment outside the larynx. | Extrinsic Muscles |
| ________ is an indentation or cavity | Fossa |
| Valleculae and Pyriform Sinuses are __________. | Pharyngeal Recesses |
| ________ is a pair of small indentations between the tongue and epiglottis. | Valleculae |
| The _________ is composed of the upper quadrangular membranes and aryepiglottic folds, the lower conus elasticus, and the vocal ligament. | fibroelastic membrane |
| ________ is the entrance of the larynx. | Aditus |
| ________ refers to cavities or passageways to structures. | Ventricular |
| ________ is the anterior-most region of the glottis. | Anterior commissure of the glottis |
| ________ is the posterior-most region of the glottis. | Posterior commissure of the glottis |
| The thyroid and cricoid articulate by means of the __________, which lets the 2 cartilages come closer together in front. | Cricothyroid Joint |
| The _____ stretches across the space between the greater cornu of the hyoid and the _____. | thyroid membrane, lateral thyroid cartilage |
| The vestibule is the cavity between the aditus and the _____ folds | ventricular folds or false vocal folds. |
| the space between the false vocal folds and the true vocal folds | laryngeal ventricle (sinus) |
| The anterior extension of the laryngeal ventricle is the ____ and has 60+ mucous glands | laryngeal saccule |
| In adults at rest, the glottis is approximately ____ mm long and ___ mm wide. | 20 mm by 8 mm. |
| The anterior ____ of the vocal margin is made up of soft tissue. In adult males the free margin is approx ___ mm long and in adult females it is approx. ____ mm. | 3/5's, males: 15 mm, females: 12 mm |
| The posterior ____ of the vocal folds is the cartilage of the arytenoids. It is aka the cartilaginous glottis and may be between ___ and ___ mm long. | 2/5's, 4 to 8 mm |
| On the lateral surfaces of the cricoid are _______ for the arytenoids and the thyroid cartilage. | facets marking the point of articulation |
| The thyroid cartilage has 2 plates called _____ that join at the ______. | thyroid laminae; thyroid angle |
| The superior most point of the thyroid angle is the _____. | thyroid notch |
| On the lateral superficial aspect of the thyroid laminae there is the ____. | oblique line |
| The ____ on the arytenoid projects toward the thyroid notch. | vocal process |
| The ____ on the arytenoid is the point of attachment for vocal fold adductors/abductors. | muscular process |
| The epiglottis attaches to the thyroid cartilage by the ______ ligament | thyroepiglottic ligament |
| The epiglottis is joined to the arytenoid cartilages via _____. | aryepiglottic folds |
| The epiglottis attaches to the root of the tongue by the median _______ fold and the paired _______ folds. | glosso-epiglottic; lateral glosso-epiglottic |
| Nonspeech Laryngeal Functions | Coughing Throat Clearing Abdominal Fixation Laryngeal Dilation (abduction) Swallowing |
| Laryngeal Functions for Speech | Phonation |
| Vocal Attack | The process of bringing the vocal folds together to begin phonation, requiring muscular action |
| Types of Vocal Attack: | Simultaneous, Breathy, Glottal |
| Bad Vocal Attacks | Hard Glottal and Breathy Phonation (extreme) |
| Sustained Phonation | Maintenance of laryngeal posture thru tonic contraction of musculature |
| Modes of Vocal Fold Vibration | Vertical Mode: open from inferior to superior and also close from inferior to superior Anterior-Posterior Mode: open from posterior to anterior, but closure at the end of the cycle is made by the medial edge of the v.f., with posterior edge closing last |
| Modal Register | Modal Register is used for conversation. 2 variations: Pressed – medial compression of the vf’s is greatly increased. Breathy – medial compression of the vf’s is greatly decreased; variations = air wastage, inefficient. |
| Vocal Register: Glottal Fry | (Pulse Register) Extremely low pitch, rough in nature decreased respiratory support (takes about 2cm H²O). Tension of the thyrovocalis is reduced. Vocal folds are adducted about 90% of the time. |
| Vocal Register: Falsetto | Highest register; vocal folds lengthen and become thin, tend to vibrate along the bowed margins. They make contact only briefly and the degree of movement is reduced |
| Vocal Register: Whistle | a register above falsetto; not a mode of vibration as much as it is a result of turbulence across the vocal folds – occurs as high as 2500 Hz. |
| Vocal Register: Whispering | : not a true phonatory mode, but it does require laryngeal adjustments. |
| Pitch | Perception of frequency |
| Average Fundamental Frequency | Reflects habitual pitch over a longer averaging period (sustained vowel productions, reading passages, conversational sample). |
| Pitch Range | The lowest to highest pitch a person can produce (usually 2 octaves). |
| Pitch Changing | Produced by changing tension, length, and mass of the vocal folds: Increase tension, increase pitch Increase length, increase pitch Decrease mass, increase pitch |
| Intensity Changes | Loudness is the correlate of intensity. Increase vocal intensity by increasing subglottal pressure and medial compression. Can increase pitch without increasing intensity – separate mechanisms |
| Terminate Phonation | Abduct the vocal folds |
| Caroline is ___. | Cool |
Created by:
MPJ
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