AP HG Ch 10 Vocab
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| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
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| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
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| Cereal Grain | A grass yielding grain for food.
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| chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.
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| combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans gram while moving over a field.
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| commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
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| crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
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| crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
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| desertification | the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert
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| double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
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| grain | Seed of a cereal grass.
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| green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
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| horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
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| hull | The outer covering of a seed.
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| intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
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| milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
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| paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.
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| pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
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| pasture | Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.
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| plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
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| prime agricultural land | the most productive farmland
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| ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
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| reaper | A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.
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| ridge tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
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| sawah | A flooded field for growing rice
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| seed agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.
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| shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
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| slash and burn agriculture | Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
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| spring wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
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| subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
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| sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.
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| swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
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| thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.
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| transhumace | The seasoned migration of livestock between mountains and low land pastures.
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| truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.
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| vegetative planting | reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
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| wet rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
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| winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.
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| winter wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.
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