Clinical Chem Cards
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| What is the function of calcium in the body? | Decreases neuromuscular excitability, Important for coagulation, and activator for enzymes
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| What is the function of phosphorus in the body? | Phospholipid in cell membranes, production of cell energy, needed for cellular replication
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| List three forms of calcium that is found in serum | Protein-bound calcium, Free calcium, Complex calcium
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| How does an acidic environment affect calcium levels? | Causes calcium levels to increase.
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| How does PTH affect calcium levels in the body? | Partners with Vitamin D to move calcium from bones to the plasma. This will increase the serum calcium levels.
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| How does Calcitonin affect calcium levels in the body? | antagonist of PTH. It lowers ionized calcium and decreased bone resorption.
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| How does Vitamin D affect calcium levels in the body? | sidekick to PTH. It increases absorption of calcium in intestines and bone.
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| How does plasma protein affect calcium levels in the body? | Causes total calcium levels to decrease
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| How does serum phosphate affect calcium levels in the body? | Inverse relationship. high levels = low calcium
low levels = high calcium
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| How does a basic environment affect calcium levels? | Causes calcium levels to decrease.
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| Hyperparathyroidism | Serum Calcium: Increased
Urinary Calcium: Increased
Serum Phosphorus: Decreased
Urinary Phosphorus: Increased
PTH Levels: Increased
Vitamin D Levels: Increased
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| Hypoparathyroidism | Serum Calcium: Decreased
Urinary Calcium: Decreased
Serum Phosphorus: Increased
Urinary Phosphorus: Decreased
PTH Levels: Decreased
Vitamin D Levels: Decreased
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| Hypervitaminosis D | Serum Calcium: Increased
Urinary Calcium: Increased
Serum Phosphorus: Increased
Urinary Phosphorus: Increased
PTH Levels: Decreased
Vitamin D Levels: Increased
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| What three methods are used for calcium determinations? | Atomic Absorption spectophotometry
Colormetric
Arsenazo III
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| What method is used for phosphorus determination? | Molybdate
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| Major intracellular cation. Not a true trace element. Found in bone and muscle. Important for enzye reactions. | Magnesium
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| Intricate part of metaloenzymes | Copper
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| 2nd most important element. Major factor in synthesis of connective tissues. | Zinc
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| Absorbed and distributed to bone and teeth. Renal excretion regulates levels. | Fluoride
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| What are the clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency? | Tetani, Convulsions, Hyper-irritability of nerves
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| What is the preferred method of analysis for magnesium? | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
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| What are the precautions for magnesium specimens? | Serum should be separated from RBCs and hemolyzed samples are NOT acceptable.
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| What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency? | depressed growth, increased incidence of infection, diarrhea, skin lesions
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| List five tissues or fluids used for zinc determination: | serum/plasma, hair, urine, RBCs, and saliva
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| What is the method of analysis for zinc? | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
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| What are the symptoms of copper deficiency? | tired, fatigue, lightheadedness, anemia, leukopenia, myelopathy
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| What is the cause of MENKE'S SYNDROME? | x-linked disorder. defect in copper intestinal absorption
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| What is the significance of MENKE'S SYNDROME? | serum copper and ceruloplasm will decrease, resulting in coarse/sparse hair.
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| What is the cause of WILSON'S DISEASE? | genetic disorder. Fleischer-Keyser rings in the eye
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| What is the significance of WILSON'S DISEASE? | normal serum copper and decreased ceruloplasm. Urine copper is increased.
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| What method is used for copper analysis? | AAS and colormetrics
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| What is the significance of low fluoride? | osteoporosis / brittle bones
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| What is the significance of high fluoride? | modeled or pitted enamel on teeth
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| What is the method of determination for fluoride? | ISE - Ion Selective Electrode
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| What three parameters assess renal function? | Urine volume
Glomerular filtration rate
osmolality
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| What is a clearance test? | the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR
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| Creatinine Clearance Formula | CrCL= (UxF)/P X 1.73/A
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| What test results are useful in monitoring fluid and electrolyte imbalance? | electrolyte panel, osmolality, Na, K, Bicarb
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| What test results are useful in monitoring nitrogen imbalance? | creatinine, urea/BUN, uric acid, protein, albumin
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| What test results are useful in monitoring osteodystrophy? | calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid, phosphorus, ALP
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| What test results are useful in monitoring hepatitis? | ALT, AST, Bilirubin
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| List the SIX normal liver functions | 1) carb metabolism
2) protein metabolism
3) lipid biosynthesis
4) storage depot
5) bile pigment formation
6) metabolic end product excretion and detoxification
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| Differentiate between the three types of jaundice | Prehepatic: hemolytic event. TB is INC
HEPATIC: virus attacks hepatocytes. TB & CB are INC
POST HEPATIC: obstructive. TB increases. NO urobilinogen
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| List the 5 types of hepatitis: | A- Most common. Highest in kids.
B- Chronic viral infections
C- Body fluids & blood
D- Co-infectin
E-
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