Holes Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Ch 9 Vocab
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| Neuron | Nerve cell
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| Nerve Impulse | The electrochemical process of depolarization and repolarization along an axon.
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| Cell Body | Portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus from which nerve fibers extend.
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| Dendrite | Process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons.
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| Axon | A nerve fiber; it conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body.
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| Nerves | Bundles of axons
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| Neuroglial cells | Cells that are part of nervous tissue that provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons.
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| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects the CNS to the other body parts
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| Sensory Receptors | A specialized structure associated with the peripheral end of a sensory neuron specific to detecting a particular sensation and triggering a nerve impulse in response, which is transmitted to the central nervous system.
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| Effectors | A muscle or gland that effects changes in the body
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| Somatic Nervous System | Motor pathways of the peripheral nervous system that lead to the skin and skeletal muscles.
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| Autonomic Nervous System | Portion of the nervous system that controls the viscera.
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| Microglial cells | A neuroglial cell that supports neurons and phagocytizes
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| Oligodendrocytes | A type of neuroglial cell that forms myelin in the CNS
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| Astrocytes | A type of neuroglial cell that connects neurons to blood vessels
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| Ependymal cells | A membrane composed of neuroglial cells that lines the ventricles of the brain
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| Schwann cells | A type of neuroglial cell that surrounds an axon of a peripheral neuron, forming the neurilemmal sheath and myelin
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| Neurofibrils | A fine, cytoplasmic threat that extends from the cell body into the process of a neuron
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| Chromatophilic substance | Membranous sacs within cytoplasm of nerve cells that have ribosomes attached to their surfaces
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| Neurilemma | Sheath formed from Schwann cells on the outside of some axons
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| Nodes of Ranvier | Narrow gaps between Schwann cells
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| Trigger Zone | A sensitive part of an axon where a nerve impulse originates
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| Unipolar Neurons | Neurons with a single process extending from the cell body that branches into two, one side acting as an axon and the other as a dendrite.
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| Bipolar Neurons | Neurons with two processes, one of which is an axon and the other is a dendrite
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| Multipolar Neurons | Neurons with many processes, one of which is an axon and the others are dendrites
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| Ganglia | Masses of neuron cell bodies, usually outside of the CNS
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| Sensory Neurons | Carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
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| Interneurons | Lie entirely in the brain or spinal cord and direct incoming sensory impulses to the appropriate parts for processing and interpreting
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| Motor Neurons | Multipolar neurons that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors
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| Polarized | Electrically charged
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| Action Potential | A characteristic change in neuron membrane polarization and return to the resting state
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| Potential Difference | Difference in electrical charge between two regions
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| Resting Potential | The potential difference between the region inside the membrane and the region outside the membrane.
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| Depolarizing | The resting potential decreases
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| Threshold Stimulus | Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse
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| Summation | Additive effect of several subthreshold stimuli
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| All-or-none response | If a neuron responds, it responds completely or not at all
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| Nerve pathways | The routes that nerve impulses travel
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| Synapse | The junction between two communicating neurons
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| Synaptic Cleft | The gap between two communicating neurons
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| Presynaptic Neuron | The neuron carrying the impulse or the sender
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| Postsynaptic Neuron | The neuron that receives the input or the receiver
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| Synaptic Transmission | The process of crossing the synaptic cleft with a message
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector or another neuron
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| Synaptic knob | Tiny enlargement at the end of an axon that secretes a neurotransmitter
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| Excitatory | Neurotransmitters that increase the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and bring it closer to threshold
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| Inhibitory | Neurotransmitters that decrease the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and make it less likely that threshold will be reached
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| Neuronal Pools | Groups of neurons that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other and work together to perform a common function
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| Facilitation | Subthreshold stimulation of a neuron that increases responsiveness to further stimulation
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| Convergence | Nerve impulses arriving at the same neuron
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| Divergence | Impulses passing into several output neurons
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| Sensory Fibers | Afferent fibers; bring sensory information to the CNS
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| Motor Fibers | Efferent fibers; carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors
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| Sensory Nerves | Nerves that conduct impulses to the brain or spinal cord
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| Motor Nerves | Nerves that conduct impulses to muscles or glands
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| Mixed Nerves | Nerves that include both sensory fibers and motor fibers
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| Reflex Arc | The simplest nerve pathway that includes only a few neurons and is the structural and functional basis for the reflexes.
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| Reflex | An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli
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| Meninges | Layered membranes that serve to protect the brain and spinal cord.
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| Dura Mater | The outermost layer of the meninges.
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| Arachnoid Mater | A thin, weblike membrane without blood vessels that lies between the dura and pia maters.
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| Pia Mater | A thin membrane that contains many nerves and blood vessels that nourishes the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord.
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | A clear watery fluid that is found in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord.
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| Spinal Cord | A slender nerve column that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral canal.
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| Spinal Nerves | Nerves that branch to the various body parts and connect them with the central nervous system.
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| Ascending Tracts | Tracts in the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain
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| Descending Tracts | Tracts in the spinal cord that conduct motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
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| Cerebrum | Portion of the brain that occupies the upper part of the cranial cavity and provides higher mental functions.
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| Brainstem | Portion of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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| Cerebellum | Portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement.
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| Cerebral cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum
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| Diencephalon | Portion of the brain in the region of the third ventricle that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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| Cerebral hemispheres | The large paired structures that constitute the cerebrum
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| Motor Areas | The region of the brain from which impulses to muscles or glands originate
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| Sensory Areas | A portion of the cerebral cortex that receives and interprets sensory nerve impulses
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| Association Areas | Region of the cerebral cortex controlling memory, reasoning, judgement, and emotions
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