Help
Options
Question
Neuron
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
Nerve Impulse
Remaining cards (76)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch 9 Nervous System
Holes Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Ch 9 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | Nerve cell |
| Nerve Impulse | The electrochemical process of depolarization and repolarization along an axon. |
| Cell Body | Portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus from which nerve fibers extend. |
| Dendrite | Process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons. |
| Axon | A nerve fiber; it conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body. |
| Nerves | Bundles of axons |
| Neuroglial cells | Cells that are part of nervous tissue that provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons. |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects the CNS to the other body parts |
| Sensory Receptors | A specialized structure associated with the peripheral end of a sensory neuron specific to detecting a particular sensation and triggering a nerve impulse in response, which is transmitted to the central nervous system. |
| Effectors | A muscle or gland that effects changes in the body |
| Somatic Nervous System | Motor pathways of the peripheral nervous system that lead to the skin and skeletal muscles. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Portion of the nervous system that controls the viscera. |
| Microglial cells | A neuroglial cell that supports neurons and phagocytizes |
| Oligodendrocytes | A type of neuroglial cell that forms myelin in the CNS |
| Astrocytes | A type of neuroglial cell that connects neurons to blood vessels |
| Ependymal cells | A membrane composed of neuroglial cells that lines the ventricles of the brain |
| Schwann cells | A type of neuroglial cell that surrounds an axon of a peripheral neuron, forming the neurilemmal sheath and myelin |
| Neurofibrils | A fine, cytoplasmic threat that extends from the cell body into the process of a neuron |
| Chromatophilic substance | Membranous sacs within cytoplasm of nerve cells that have ribosomes attached to their surfaces |
| Neurilemma | Sheath formed from Schwann cells on the outside of some axons |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Narrow gaps between Schwann cells |
| Trigger Zone | A sensitive part of an axon where a nerve impulse originates |
| Unipolar Neurons | Neurons with a single process extending from the cell body that branches into two, one side acting as an axon and the other as a dendrite. |
| Bipolar Neurons | Neurons with two processes, one of which is an axon and the other is a dendrite |
| Multipolar Neurons | Neurons with many processes, one of which is an axon and the others are dendrites |
| Ganglia | Masses of neuron cell bodies, usually outside of the CNS |
| Sensory Neurons | Carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord |
| Interneurons | Lie entirely in the brain or spinal cord and direct incoming sensory impulses to the appropriate parts for processing and interpreting |
| Motor Neurons | Multipolar neurons that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors |
| Polarized | Electrically charged |
| Action Potential | A characteristic change in neuron membrane polarization and return to the resting state |
| Potential Difference | Difference in electrical charge between two regions |
| Resting Potential | The potential difference between the region inside the membrane and the region outside the membrane. |
| Depolarizing | The resting potential decreases |
| Threshold Stimulus | Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse |
| Summation | Additive effect of several subthreshold stimuli |
| All-or-none response | If a neuron responds, it responds completely or not at all |
| Nerve pathways | The routes that nerve impulses travel |
| Synapse | The junction between two communicating neurons |
| Synaptic Cleft | The gap between two communicating neurons |
| Presynaptic Neuron | The neuron carrying the impulse or the sender |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | The neuron that receives the input or the receiver |
| Synaptic Transmission | The process of crossing the synaptic cleft with a message |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector or another neuron |
| Synaptic knob | Tiny enlargement at the end of an axon that secretes a neurotransmitter |
| Excitatory | Neurotransmitters that increase the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and bring it closer to threshold |
| Inhibitory | Neurotransmitters that decrease the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and make it less likely that threshold will be reached |
| Neuronal Pools | Groups of neurons that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other and work together to perform a common function |
| Facilitation | Subthreshold stimulation of a neuron that increases responsiveness to further stimulation |
| Convergence | Nerve impulses arriving at the same neuron |
| Divergence | Impulses passing into several output neurons |
| Sensory Fibers | Afferent fibers; bring sensory information to the CNS |
| Motor Fibers | Efferent fibers; carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors |
| Sensory Nerves | Nerves that conduct impulses to the brain or spinal cord |
| Motor Nerves | Nerves that conduct impulses to muscles or glands |
| Mixed Nerves | Nerves that include both sensory fibers and motor fibers |
| Reflex Arc | The simplest nerve pathway that includes only a few neurons and is the structural and functional basis for the reflexes. |
| Reflex | An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli |
| Meninges | Layered membranes that serve to protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| Dura Mater | The outermost layer of the meninges. |
| Arachnoid Mater | A thin, weblike membrane without blood vessels that lies between the dura and pia maters. |
| Pia Mater | A thin membrane that contains many nerves and blood vessels that nourishes the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | A clear watery fluid that is found in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord. |
| Spinal Cord | A slender nerve column that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral canal. |
| Spinal Nerves | Nerves that branch to the various body parts and connect them with the central nervous system. |
| Ascending Tracts | Tracts in the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain |
| Descending Tracts | Tracts in the spinal cord that conduct motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands |
| Cerebrum | Portion of the brain that occupies the upper part of the cranial cavity and provides higher mental functions. |
| Brainstem | Portion of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. |
| Cerebellum | Portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement. |
| Cerebral cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum |
| Diencephalon | Portion of the brain in the region of the third ventricle that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| Cerebral hemispheres | The large paired structures that constitute the cerebrum |
| Motor Areas | The region of the brain from which impulses to muscles or glands originate |
| Sensory Areas | A portion of the cerebral cortex that receives and interprets sensory nerve impulses |
| Association Areas | Region of the cerebral cortex controlling memory, reasoning, judgement, and emotions |
Created by:
jmglbrt
Popular Biology sets