Chapter 8: Evaluating Treatment Efficacy Research
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| What is treatment effectiveness? | When the client shows a statistically significant improvement in his/her communication skills upon "routine application" of the intervention, this is known as ____________.
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| What is the therapeutic effect? | Evidence of beneficial physiological change due to application of treatment.
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| What is an FCM? | Functional Communication Measures are disorder-specific scales that divide the communicative abilities of individuals w/a disorder into 7 functional levels; used at begining and end of treatment to determine treatment benefits.
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| What is an ultimate outcome? | The type and level of performance the clinician hopes the client will eventually achieve.
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| What is treatment efficiency? | The "cost analysis" of a treatment--the amount of money, length of time for intervention, frequency and intensity of treatment needed to reach the ultimate outcome.
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| What is treatment outcomes research? | This type of research identifies the benefits of treatment which helps researchers determine the treatment's relationship to the client's functional improvements.
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| What are the 3 things treatment efficacy studies must demonstrate? | Internal validity, statistical significance, and practical significance must be demonstrated to prove ______________.
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| What is stratified random sampling? | An alternative method of simple random sampling that helps improve generalizability by choosing the random sample from a subgroup of the target population.
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| What is cluster sampling? | A method of random sampling in which a group is selected at random and all members become subjects.
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| What is multistage sampling? | A method of random sampling in which subgroups of subgroups are selected to obtain participating subjects. Ex. school district --> school --> grade --> classroom
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| What is systematic replication? | Reproducing a finding in a subsequent study; Effective in improving generalization
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| What is direct replication? | Occurs when the investigator repeats the research with the same or new subjects to confirm reliability of original results; Effective in improving generalization
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| What is the weakest level of evidence? | Expert opinion ranks where in terms of levels of evidence?
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| What does PICO stand for? | Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
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| What is a pre-experimental design? | AKA single-group design; usually for exploratory purposes or to describe therapeutic effects/ outcomes. Weak on their own b/c they don't show adequate internal /external validity, better when part of a process of establishing treatment efficacy
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| What is one-shot case study design? | Type of pre-experimental design; weak; Single group observed only once after being exposed to some treatment.
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| What is a one-group pretest-posttest design? | Type of pre-experimental design; One group is assembled, pre-tested, exposed to experimental treatment, and posttested.
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| What is a quasi-experimental design? | Unlike pre-experimental designs, these designs use control groups with which an experimental group may be compared. Limitations: hard to manipulate IVs, poorly controlled extraneous variables
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| What is a non-equivalent control group design? | Type of quasi-experimental design; Two groups: first group is pre-tested, exposed to experimental treatment, posttested. Second group is pretested, NOT exposed, posttested.
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