Key Terms
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| cabinet | a group of advisers to the president
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| Bonds | paper notes promising to repay money after a certain length of time with interest
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| Speculators | people willing to take a risk in hopes of a financial gain.
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| Enumerated powers | powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution
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| Implied powers | powers not explicitly listed in the Constitution but necessary for the government to do its job.
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| Agrarianism | the philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy
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| Tariff of 1789 | introduced to raise money to operate the new federal government.
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| Bank of the United States | established to collect taxes, regulate trade, and provide for the common defense.
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| Whiskey Rebellion | farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed the mail, and destroyed the whiskey-making stills of those who paid the tax. Washington sent nearly 15,000 troops to crush it.
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| Most-favored nation | the American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain.
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| alien | a person living in the country that is not a citizen
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| Sedition | incitement to rebellion.
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| theory of interposition | stated that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the state could interpose between the federal government and the people and stop the illegal action.
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| theory of nullification | states that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to nullify the law, or declare it invalid.
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| Jay’s Treaty | stated that Britain had the right to seize cargoes bound for French ports. In this treaty, Jay also failed to get compensation for American merchants whose goods had been seized. The British gave the United States most-favored nation status.
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| Pinckney’s Treaty | granted the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans. The treaty won broad acceptance, especially among western farmers who wanted to use the Mississippi to get crops to market.
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| Washington’s Farewell Address | warned Americans against sectionalism – to avoid dividing the country into North against South or East against West. Washington also cautioned Americans about political parties and against Americans becoming too attached to any foreign nation.
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| Quasi-War | with France was because France was mad about Jay’s treaty; a naval war without rules.
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| Alien and Sedition Acts | 4 laws aimed at aliens and preventing sedition. The first three laws were aimed at aliens. The first law required immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming citizens, thus weakening Republican support. The next two laws gave the president the power to
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| Judicial review | the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to strike down those laws that were not given to the Supreme Court.
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| Impressment | a legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service.
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| Embargo | a government ban on trade with other countries; it wound up hurting the United States more than Britain or France.
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| John Marshall | The most important judicial appointment President Adams made before leaving office was to choose _______ as Chief Justice of the United States.
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| Louisiana Purchase | Louisiana bought for about $15 million./The United States more than doubled its size and gained control of the entire Mississippi River.
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| Meriwether Lewis | (Jefferson’s private secretary) was chosen by Jefferson to trace the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
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| William Clark | the younger brother of Revolutionary War hero George Rogers; was also chosen by Jefferson to trace the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
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| Sacagawea | a Shoshone woman who joined the expedition as a guide and interpreter.
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| Zebulon Pike | mapped much of the upper Mississippi, and in 1806 he headed west to find the headwaters of the Arkansas River; traveled to Colorado, where he charted the mountain now known as Pike’s Peak.
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| War Hawks | wanted war
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| Nationalism | feelings of strong patriotism
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| Non-Intercourse Act | forbade trade with France and Britain while Authorizing the president to reopen trade with whichever country removed its trade restrictions first.
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| Tecumseh | a Shawnee leader, believed that Native Americans needed to unite to protect their lands
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| William Henry Harrison | governor of the Indiana territory. He was responsible for the Battle of Tippecanoe.
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| Oliver Perry | secretly arranged for the construction of a fleet on the coast of Lake Erie in Ohio to attack the British fleet.
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| Hartford Convention | called for several constitutional amendments to increase the region’s political power.
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| Treaty of Ghent | ended the War of 1812. It restored prewar boundaries but did not mention neutral rights or impressment, and no territory changed hands.
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