EKU Micro Test 1
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| T/F Infectious diseases are increasing causes of morbidity and mortality | True
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| STI are (epidemic, endemic or pandemic) | Pandemic
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| Where do nosocomial infections occur? | Hospitals, nursing facilities, and long term care facilities
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| What percent of people are expected to acquire a nosocomial infection? | 5%
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| How many people each year in the US acquire Gonorrhea? | 500k
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| How did lassa fever come to America? | Missionary Nurse from Africa
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| What temperature must beef be cooked to as regulated by the FED? | 140
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| What is the most common portal of entry? | Respiratory and gasterointestial
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| What is a major complication with infectious diseases? | Drug resistance
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| What is the only infection that has been eradicated from the world population? | smallpox
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| West nile may have been this as conspiracy theorist? | It was a terrorist attack
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| Polio has how many serovars? | 3
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| When was the last endemic case of small pox? | 1977
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| When was small pox eradicated world wide? | 1980
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| Microbes inhabiting a particular body site in most healthy persons | Normal or indigenous flora
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| microbes established at abody site and not affecting host in any adverse manner | commensal
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| microbes adventitiously present at body site and not capable of establishing it's self under present conditions | Transient
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| microbe isolated from a specimen but not actually present at that body site | contaminant
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| microbe producing pathological effects at body site in particular instance; viz. etiological agent of an infectious diseases | Pathogen
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| Body sites with normal flora | skin, conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oropharynx, upper intestine, large intestine and feces, lower urogenital tract
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| from the environment or another host | exogenous
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| from the host;s own indigenous flora | endogenous
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| What do endogenous sources of infections usually require to flourish in the body? | antecedent disease, traumatic injury, or compromised immune system
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| what is another name for an animal borne infection | zoonosis or zoonotic disease
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| arthropod borne diseases are also called | vector borne
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| What is a fomite? | any inanimate object that you come in contact with
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| pathogenisis by microbe means? | pathology and physiological dysfunction
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| what is pathology | damage done by organism
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| what is an unapperent or subclinical infection | overt or clinical disease
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| What does clinical disease mean | infection accompanied by onset of signs and symptoms
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| objective manifestations | signs
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| subjective manifestations | symptoms
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| combination of signs and symptoms associated with particular disease | syndrome
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| these are observable during a physical examination | signs
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| these are described by the patient during a physical examination | symptoms
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| the time between exposure to microbe and onset of signs and symptoms | incubation period
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| time between exposure and shedding microbe | latent period
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| time during which microbe is being shed | period of communicability
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| What is the typical course of an infection | prodrome, acute phase, defervescence, convalescence, resolution
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| In the typical course of an infection the stage in which there are vague or nonspecific symptoms is known as? | prodrome
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| In the typical course of an infection the stage in which there is a full clinical manifestation is known as | acute phase
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| In the typical course of an infection the stage in which the signs and symptoms are subsiding is known as | defervescense
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| In the typical course of an infection the period of recovery is known as | convalescence
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| In the typical course of an infection the period in which there is an absence of signs and symptoms with or without squealae is known as | resolution
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| What does the severity of an infection depend on? | numerous host and microbe factors
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| What are five modes of transmission of microbes | direct contact, airborne, foodborne, waterborne, arthropodborne
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| contamination of the skin and mucous membranes is what mode of transmission | direct contact
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| inhalation is what mode of transmission | airborne
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| ingestion is what mode of transmission | food or water borne
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| insect vector is what mode of transmission | arthropodborne
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| What is an example of direct contact transmission | STI
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| What is an example of Airborne transmission | influenza
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| What is an example of food or water borne transmission | salmonellosis
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| What is an example of arthropodborne transmission | lyme disease
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| what does communicable diseases mean? | Host to host transmission
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| A disease that is present at low but constant level in a population is known as | endemic
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| a disease that is increases in lever of disease about that usually found in population is known as | epidemic
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| a widespread disease in a region or world wide is known as | pandemic
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| What is the percentage of persons who contract a disease compared to those at risk (exposed) | attack rate
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| What is the percentage of those with disease who die from it | case fatality rate
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| what does CFR stand for | Case fatality rate
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| What is a noncommunicable disease | no host to host transmission
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| What are three examples of noncommunicable diseases | Caused by indigenous flora, acquired fro environment, ingestion of preformed microbe toxin
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| Defined as an infectious disease which regular and timely information on individual cases is considered for prevention and or control of the disease | notifiable infectious disease
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| How are notifiable infectious diseases reported | via the the publich health system to the CDC
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| If you wanted to get data on notifiable diseases where could you look | Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR) and its various supplements, or KY epidemiologic notes and reports
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| Time and nature of onset, symptoms, social history, occupation, travel and contacts are collectively known as | Patient history
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| Examination of body symptoms and signs are known as | patient physical exam
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| working, differential and definitive are stages in which process | diagnosis
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| Working diagnosis is known as | likely nature and etiology
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| Differential diagnosis is known as | tow or more possible etiologies
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| definitive diagnosis is known as | exact etiology known
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| What normally determines definitive diagnosis | laboratory results
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| what are two aspects of treatment | symptomatic and specific
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| what does symptomatic mean | supportive
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| What is does specific mean in relation to treatment | antimicrobial drug targeting the etiologic agent
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| What is microscopy used for in bacteriology | gram and acid fast stains
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| What is microscopy used for in mycology | KOH and LPCB wet mounts
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| What is LPCB used for in mycology | Idenification
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| What is microscopy used for in parasitology | iodine wet mounts and trichrome smears
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| What is microscopy used for in virology | cells for cpe
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| In general what is the purpose of microscopy in microbiology | confirm specimen submitted is representative, establish the probability of infection, presumptively id agent, augment cultural identification of agent
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| When was the gram stain developed | 1884
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| What is the max magnification of a brightfield microscope | 1000x
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| what is the max resolution of a brightfield microscope | .2 micrometers
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| What is the magnification on the oculars of a bF microscope | 10x wide field
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| What are the magnifications of the objectives on a BF microscope | 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x
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| What is the 4x objective normally called | scanning objective
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| what is the 100x objective called | Oil immersion
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| What are two important adjustments when it comes to microscopy | interpupillary distant and dioptic adjustment
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| What is the differential stain for bacteria | gram stain
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| if a bacteria does not stain with aniline dyes what kind of bacteria are you working with | acid fast
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| what color do gram positive bacteria stain | purple
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| what color do gram negative bacteria stain | red/orange
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| what specimens is gram stains not applicable to | feces, throat swabs and whole blood
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| How do fungi normally stain | gram positive
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| What is the decolorizer used in gram staining | alcohol acetate mix
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| What does crystal violet stain | everything
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| what is the counter stain | safranin
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| what is the fixative in gram staining | methanol
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| What color will a neutrophil be | gram positive-purply
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| What is another name for the acid fast stain | kinyoun stain
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| who developed the acid fast stain | Robert koch
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| When was the acid fast stain developed | 1884-before the gram stain
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| what is the primary stain in the AFS | carbofuchsin red
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| What is the decolorizer in the AFS | 3% HCl in ethanol
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| What is the counter stain in AFS | methylene blue or brilliant green
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| microbes that don't decolorize with acid-alcohol and retain the primary stain are known as | acid fast
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| What is the AFS useful for in mycology | ascospores in molds and parasites (except cryptospoidium spp cyst form in stool)
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| What is normally diagnostic for parasites | wet mount microscopy
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| What are the two groups in fungi | moulds and yeast
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| What is the plural of genus | genera
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| what does the genus normally mean | descriptive term or latinized proper name
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| what is the plural of species | species
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| what does the species normally mean | descriptive term (epithet)
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| What do the descriptive terms normally describe in species name | characteristic, habitat or disease association
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| the genus name is always | capitalized
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| the species name is not used without the | genus name or initial
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| scientific names is always | italicized or underline even when it's genus alone
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| descendants of a single isolant are called | strain
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| distinctive biochemical or physiological (phenotypic) property | biovar
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| distinctive antigenic characteristics | serovar
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| osis and iasis normally be | condition or disease
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| common names are not | capitalized, italicized or underlined
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