A&P 2404 Final Cont.
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| What are 2 structural modifications that assist blood flow back to the heart(venous return)? | Large lumen, Valves (internal flaps that prevent backflow of blood)
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| What are 2 functional adaptions of venous return? | Muscular pumps(milking), Respiratory pump (breathing lowers pressure in thoracic cavity and speeds up flow)
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| in Capillary beds, this opens and closes depending on physiological needs | Precapillary sphicter
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| When active, blood flow can be increased up to 10x by opening capillary beds | Skeletal muscle
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| Very sensitive to pH decrease and to blood CO2, also sensitive to b.p. changes | Brain
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| What causes brain constricts vessels? | an increase in b.p.
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| What causes vasodilation in brain? | a decrease in b.p
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| temperature regulation by shunting blood to and from capillaries | Skin
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| What causes vasodilation and increase blood flow in Lungs? | Increase O2
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| What causes vasoconstriction and bypass in lungs? | Decrease O2
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| Contration of heart,compression of coronary vessels; blood flow(by vasodilation) can only occur when? | during diasole
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| What are 3 main factors tha influence blood pressure? | Cardiac Output, Peripheral resistance & blood volume
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| More fluid means what for blood volume | more blood volume
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| More volume means what for blood pressure | HIgher blood pressure
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| Short Term neural; Vasomotor center | keeps vessels slightly constricted, which raises b.p.
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| Short term neural; baroreceptors | pressure detectors, stimulated when b.p rises & lowers b.p
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| Short term neural; chemoreceptors | detect pH(decrease)or CO2(increase), which raises b.p.
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| Short term neural; higher brain centers | conscious, when you get scared and bp raises
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| Short term chemical;adrenal hormones | raises b.p.
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| Short term chemical; ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) | puts sodium in urine, water follows, lowers b.p.
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| Short term chemical;ADH | hold onto water, b.p rises
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| Short term chemical; inflammatory | decrease b.p. (vasodilator)
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| Long term controls that affect b.p. | Indirect & direct
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| Long term control; indirect | renin angiotensin mechanism- raises b.p
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| Long term control; direct | urination
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| Short term chemical; alcohol | lowers b.p.
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| Short term chemical; Prostaglandin derived growth factor(endothelium) | raises b.p.
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| Short term chemical; Endothelin(endothelium) | raises b.p.
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| Short term chemical; Nitric oxide(endothelium) | lowers b.p.
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| Short term neural affect that affect b.p. | vasomotor center, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, higher brain centers
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| Short term chemical affects that affect b.p | adrenal hormone, ANP, ADH, Endothelium (prostaglandin, endothelin,nitric oxide), inflammatory, alcohol
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| Name the System: Its function is to return leaked fluids and proteins from blood to circulation | Lymphatic system
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| Who's function is to transport fats from digestive system to blood? | Lymphatic system
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| Which system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign cells or substances by activity of specialized cells in the system(making connections) | Lymphatic system
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| What type of tissue does the lymphatic system have? | Reticular Connective Tissue
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| Why is Reticular Connective Tissue good for the Lymphatic system? What do they do? | house and provide a site of proliferation of lymphocytes & provide surveillance sites
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| What is the significance of Lymph nodes in the Adrenal Cortex? | Lymphocytes(in follicles), germinal centers (b cells produced)
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| What is the significance of lymph nodes in the adrenal medulla? | b cell offspring antibody production; macrophages,lymphocytes & plasma cells
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| What do the lymph nodes in afferent vessels do? | bring lymph into node (several per node)
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| What do the lymph nodes in efferent vessels do? | take lymph out of node (few per node)
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| What is the largest lymphatic organ? | Spleen
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| What is red pulp? | venous sinuses(leaky blood vessels); reticular connective tissue
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| What is white pulp? | clusters of lymphocytes on reticular fibers
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| Which organ houses the site for lymphocyte proliferation (immune system surverillance) | Spleen
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| Which organ is responsible for blood cleaning (removing defective or worn out cells and platelets)? | Spleen
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| Which organ is the storage site for breakdown products of erythrocytes? | Spleen
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| Which organ is the site of RBC production in fetus? | Spleen
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| Which organ is the storage site for platelets? | Spleen
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| What are the antibody classes? | IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
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| Which antibody class is attached to b-cells; b cell activation & enhances antibody production | IgD
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| Which antibody class promotes agglutination of microbes and help activate complement | IgM
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| Which antibody class is the most abundant & diverse class; is the main antibody of primary& secondary responses& enhances phagocytosis by complement fixation | IgG
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| Which antibody class is found in body secretions, also associated with mucosal surfaces anf prevents pathogen attachment | IgA
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| Which antibody class is associated with basophils, causes cell to release histamine & is involved in inflammation and allergic response | IgE
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| What is based on a portion of the molecule which has an identical amino sequence for all antibodies within that class? | Constant region/determine class
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| One part of the molecule is unique and specific for individual antigenic determinants | variable region/antigen specific
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| What are Non-Specific Cells of the Immune System? | Neutrophil, Macrophages, Eosinophil, natural Killer Cells
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| What are Specific Cells of the Immune System? | T-Cells & B-Cells
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| What are 3 Major types of T-cels? | Cytotoxic T's, Helper T's & suppressor T's
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| Which type of T- cell are the first ones on the scene (Effector cells)? | Cytotoxic T's
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| What type of t-cells assist other cells | Helper T's
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| What type of T-cells turn down of depress activity? | Suppressor T's
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| What do B-cells use? | Antibodies
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| What kind of immunity requires the body to mount an immune response? | Active immunity
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| What kind of immunity does not require the body to mount immune response but recieves preformed antibodies? | Passive Immunity
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| If you get infected,& b-cells mount a response= meet antigen & respond to challenge to build immunity, What kind of immunity is working? | Naturally aquired active Immunity
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| If you are given a vaccine, to introduce to antigen & your body responses, what kind of immunity is working? | Artificially aquired active immunity
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| If something is passes across the placenta or in breat milk what kind of immunity is working? | Naturally aquired passive immunity
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| If you get rabies, tetanus, hepatitis.... what kind of immunity is working? | Artifically aquired passive immunity
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| What is the function of Bile? | breaks down fat(lipids) into smaller particles to increse surface area and enhance enzymatic attack
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| Which system extracts nutrients from food? | Digestive system
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| Which system gets rid of wastes & constructs energy? | Digestive system
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| What are 3 major functions of the Digestive system? | Extract nutrients from food, get rid of wastes & contruct energy.
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| What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation? | Glomerular Filration, Tubular reabsorption & Tubular secretion.
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| This process of urin formation is passive, non selective, based on pressure differences on either side of filration membrane; the junction of glomerular capillary walls and viseral layer of capsule | Glomerular Filtration
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| Is blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries higher or lower than in ordinary capillaries? | higher
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| This process of urin formation begins as soon as filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule... | Tubular reabsorption
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| In this process of urin formation materials added to filtrate from blood for removal, elimation of undesirable reabsorbed substances occur. | Tubular secretion
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| What does ADH do? | source of water absorption
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| What happens if there is NO ADH present? | Cells impermeable to H2O, water stays in filtrate and leaves body as urine (dehydration)
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| What happens if ADH is present? | Cells freely permeable to water, absorbed from filtrate and stays in body
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| Which renal components does ADH affect | DCT & Collecting ducts
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| What does mituration mean? | urination
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| Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary
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| Is the external uretral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? | voluntary
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