Body Systems
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| Name of entire path food follows through the body and sections. | show 🗑
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| show | Peristalsis
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| show | Mechanical and chemical digestion.
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| What are 3 food molecules and what are they broken down into? | show 🗑
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| What does saliva do? | show 🗑
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| The system involved in the transport of materials to different parts of a larger body, like in humans. | show 🗑
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| show | Cardiac cycle. Systole (ventricular contraction) and diastole (atrial contraction).
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| show | Cardiac muscle.
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| show | Heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins to heart.
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| show | Arteries are thick-walled, muscular, and elastic, carrying blood away from the heart. Veins are relatively thin-walled and contain many valves to prevent back-flow and carry blood toward the heart.
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| show | Lymphatic system.
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| show | Filter foreign particles out of lymph, maintain proper balance of fluids in tissue, and transporting chylomicrons as part of fat metabolism.
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| Parts of blood (4). | show 🗑
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| show | Erythrocytes, on the protein hemoglobin.
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| show | Helps draw water into blood in the capillaries. Antibodies for immune responses, fibrinogen for clotting, and serum albumin.
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| show | In bone marrow.
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| Why are red blood cells biconcave discs? | show 🗑
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| show | 4 months and destroyed in the spleen
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| How do red blood cells create energy? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 atria, 2 ventricles, nodes...
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| show | Less stimulus from the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system and/or the sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine.
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| show | A: antigen A and anti-B antibody. B: antigen B and anti-A antibody. O: no antigens and both antibodies.
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| show | Passive immunity (barriers to entry)and active immunity.
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| Types of white blood cells. | show 🗑
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| show | Used to drive electron transport and ATP production during aerobic respiration of cells.
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| show | Active process of chest muscles moving ribs up and out as the diaphragm moves down, increases volume and vacuuming in air. Versus passive exhalation.
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| What controls breathing rate? | show 🗑
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| Why is the nose important to respiration? | show 🗑
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| show | Pharynx diverts food away from lungs to esophagus. Larynx creates voice. Trachea protects air through throat with flexible strong rings.
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| Describe gas exchange in the lungs. | show 🗑
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| show | Melanocytes in epidermis make melanin.
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| show | Subcutaneous fat in the hypodermis
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| Heat regulation in the middle layer of skin. | show 🗑
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| Removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body. | show 🗑
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| show | Elimination.
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| show | Kidneys form urine to remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate the volume and salt content of the extracellular fluids. Kidneys to ureter tube to urinary blader to urethra.
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| Chemical communication system . Compare to other communication system. | show 🗑
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| Hormone excretions directly into the bloodstream versus non-hormone secretions through ducts into a body compartment. Example of organ that does both. | show 🗑
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| show | feedback loop
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| Endocrine tissues in brain and specific location. | show 🗑
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| show | Portal circulatory system. When hypothalamus is stimulated(by feedback from endocrine glands or neurons)it sends "releasing factors" into the anterior pituitary-hypothalamic portal circulatory system, stimulating anterior pituitary to secrete hormones.
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| 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| Old follicles in ovaries change into what and do what? | show 🗑
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| show | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin that acts on kidneys) and Oxytocin (contracts uterus during birth)
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| show | Thyroid releases thyroxine (4 atoms iodine) that accelerates oxidative metabolism. Hypo=goiter, decr. HR, lethargy, obesity, decr. mental alertness. Hyper=perspiration, high temp, high metabolic rate, high BP, weight loss, irritable.
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| Pea-like organs in chest, hormones, and abnormalities. | show 🗑
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| show | Islets of Langerhans w/cc alpha cells (glucagon-responds to low blood sugar and stimulates glycogen breakdown to glucose) and beta cells (insulin-stimulates muscles to remove glucose when high blood cc or tells muscles and liver to convert to glycogen)
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| show | Adrenal glands consisting of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
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| show | Stress:ACTH from pituitary:adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids. Limited by their alterations of fat metabolism and their suppression of the immune system.
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| Adrenal hormone with small effect on males, but large on females. | show 🗑
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| Specialized sympathetic nerve cells that secrete hormones | show 🗑
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| show | Gonands (testes and testosterone, ovaries and estrogen)
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| 9 parts to nervous system organization | show 🗑
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| Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| Electrochemical signals transmitted by neurons. | show 🗑
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| show | Synaptic cleft.
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| Neurotransmitter responsible for voluntary movement. | show 🗑
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| show | Cerebral cortex, hemispheres, all voluntary motor activity and higher functions such as memory and creative thought. Outer portion containing cell bodies (gray matter) and inner portion containing axons (white matter).
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| show | Olfactory lobe.
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| show | Thalamus.
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| Hunger, thirst, pain, temp regulation, and water balance | show 🗑
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| show | Cerebellum.
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| Relay center for cerebral cortical fibers en route to the cerebellum. | show 🗑
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| Controls breathing, HR, and gastrointestinal activity. Causes involuntary breathing in response to high CO levels. | show 🗑
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| Network of neurons in the brain stem involved in processing signals from sensory and transmitting to other regions. Regulates activity of regions to alter alertness and attention. | show 🗑
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| Route for axons to travel out of the brain. Center for many reflex actions. | show 🗑
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| show | Altered membrane potential triggering an action potential sent to the CNS by sensory cells.
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| Bends and focuses light rays. | show 🗑
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| Opening in eye, ____ , whose diameter is controlled by _____, which responds to light intensity. | show 🗑
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| Suspended behind the eye opening and focuses the image. | show 🗑
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| Transduces light into action potential with photo receptors. | show 🗑
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| What happens to focus on nearby objects? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscles around lens too short or long, or lens is stiff with age, making eye unable to focus image.
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| show | Cones respond to high-intensity illumination and are color sensitive. Rods detect low-intensity illumination and are important in night vision.
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| show | Optic nerves.
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| show | Auricle (pinna) and auditory canal.
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| Parts of the middle ear. | show 🗑
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| show | Tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis.
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| show | Outer surface with taste pore, from which microvilli (taste hairs) protrude.Network of nerve fibers are interwoven around bud and when stimulated, send impulse to brainstem.
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| show | sour, salty, sweet, and bitter
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| Chemical sensors of smell. Found where? | show 🗑
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| How do we smell (nose to brain)? | show 🗑
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| show | Endoskeleton provides attachment points for muscles and protection to organs.
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| show | Cartilage is more flexible, makes up lower vertebrates and embryonic skeletons, and contains no vessels or nerves (longer to heal).
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| show | Calcium, phosphate salts, and strands of the protein collagen.
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| show | Filled with bone marrow. Blood cells are formed here.
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| show | Ligaments.
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| Attach bone to muscle. | show 🗑
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| show | Axial (skull, v. column, and rib cage) and appendicular (appendages, pectoral and pelvic girdles).
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| Difference between Motor and Muscle Systems. | show 🗑
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| Muscle that extends or straitens the bones at a joint. | show 🗑
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| Muscle that serves to bend a joint at an acute angle. | show 🗑
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| Where does the movement occur when a muscle contracts? | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth, skeletal, and cardia.
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| show | Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other within cells.
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| Characteristics and location of "involuntary muscle." | show 🗑
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| Characteristics of "voluntary muscles." | show 🗑
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| show | Nerves of somatic NS stimulate skeletal muscle through neuromuscluar synapses. Action potential moves over muscle fiber, releasing calcium in cytoplasm,causing thin actin and thick myosin to slide over each other, shortening fibers.
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| Organization of muscle, small to large. | show 🗑
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| show | Single nucleus, striated, connected by gap junctions (direct with no chemical synapses), regulated by ANS (increase rate and strenth with sympathetic, visa versa).
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| show | Internal pacemaker maintains regular heartbeat without NS, though it is modified by NS.
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