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NSEE3
Body Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name of entire path food follows through the body and sections. | Alimentary canal (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum) + associated glands = digestive system. |
| Wave-like muscular action conducted by smooth muscle in digestive system that increases surface area for the digestive enzymes and moves food. | Peristalsis |
| Two types of digestion. | Mechanical and chemical digestion. |
| What are 3 food molecules and what are they broken down into? | Polysaccharides are broken down into glucose, triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins are broken down into amino acids. |
| What does saliva do? | Saliva contanes salivary amylase (ptyalin), an enzyme that breaks the complex starch polysaccharide into maltose (a disaccharide). |
| The system involved in the transport of materials to different parts of a larger body, like in humans. | Circulatory system. |
| Regular pattern of heart sounds. 2 parts. | Cardiac cycle. Systole (ventricular contraction) and diastole (atrial contraction). |
| Muscle of the heart. | Cardiac muscle. |
| Know path of blood through body. | Heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins to heart. |
| Difference between arteries and veins. | Arteries are thick-walled, muscular, and elastic, carrying blood away from the heart. Veins are relatively thin-walled and contain many valves to prevent back-flow and carry blood toward the heart. |
| System that carries extracellular fluid. | Lymphatic system. |
| What do lymph nodes do? | Filter foreign particles out of lymph, maintain proper balance of fluids in tissue, and transporting chylomicrons as part of fat metabolism. |
| Parts of blood (4). | Plasma (water, salts(sodium chloride and potassium chloride), proteins, glucose, hormones, lipids... Erythrocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes. |
| What transports most oxygen? | Erythrocytes, on the protein hemoglobin. |
| Role of protein in blood? | Helps draw water into blood in the capillaries. Antibodies for immune responses, fibrinogen for clotting, and serum albumin. |
| Where do red blood cells mature? | In bone marrow. |
| Why are red blood cells biconcave discs? | Lose nucleus when they mature. |
| How long does a red blood cell live and where are they destroyed? | 4 months and destroyed in the spleen |
| How do red blood cells create energy? | Anaerobic glycolysis to make ATP. |
| Know parts of heart. | 2 atria, 2 ventricles, nodes... |
| What can make the heart rate increase? | Less stimulus from the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system and/or the sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine. |
| Blood types and characteristics. | A: antigen A and anti-B antibody. B: antigen B and anti-A antibody. O: no antigens and both antibodies. |
| 2 parts to the immune system. | Passive immunity (barriers to entry)and active immunity. |
| Types of white blood cells. | Phagocytes (engulf bacteria) and lymphocytes (include B and T cells). B cells produce antibodies or immunoglobins. T cells (aka helper cells) coordinate immune responses. Killer T cells dispose of infected or mutant cells. |
| What do organisms use oxygen for? | Used to drive electron transport and ATP production during aerobic respiration of cells. |
| Inhalation versus exhalation. | Active process of chest muscles moving ribs up and out as the diaphragm moves down, increases volume and vacuuming in air. Versus passive exhalation. |
| What controls breathing rate? | The medulla oblongata monitors CO2 content in the blood. |
| Why is the nose important to respiration? | Nose moistens, filters, and warms inhaled air. |
| What path does air take from the nose to the lungs and what does each structure do? | Pharynx diverts food away from lungs to esophagus. Larynx creates voice. Trachea protects air through throat with flexible strong rings. |
| Describe gas exchange in the lungs. | Alveoli with thin, moist walls surrounded by capillaries exchange 02 for CO2 and H2O in the blood. |
| Name pigment cells in skin and location. | Melanocytes in epidermis make melanin. |
| Insulation in skin. | Subcutaneous fat in the hypodermis |
| Heat regulation in the middle layer of skin. | Vasoconstriction or vasodilation in the dermis. |
| Removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body. | Excretion. |
| Removal of indigestible materials. | Elimination. |
| Principle organ responsible for removing waste and path of the waste. | Kidneys form urine to remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate the volume and salt content of the extracellular fluids. Kidneys to ureter tube to urinary blader to urethra. |
| Chemical communication system . Compare to other communication system. | Endocrine System uses hormones, which are slower acting, but longer lasting than the nerve impulses of the nervous system. |
| Hormone excretions directly into the bloodstream versus non-hormone secretions through ducts into a body compartment. Example of organ that does both. | Endocrine versus exocrine secretions. Pancreas produces exocrine digestive enzymes as well as endocrine insulin and glucagon. |
| Common principle that regulates the production and secretion of many hormones is the ____ | feedback loop |
| Endocrine tissues in brain and specific location. | Hypothalamus in posterior forebrain and pituitary at the base of the brain made of anterior and posterior lobes. |
| System of moving blood directly from one organ to another. Example in brain and actions. | Portal circulatory system. When hypothalamus is stimulated(by feedback from endocrine glands or neurons)it sends "releasing factors" into the anterior pituitary-hypothalamic portal circulatory system, stimulating anterior pituitary to secrete hormones. |
| 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary | GH, TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), prolactin (milk), FSH (follicle-stimulating) for maturation of seminiferous tubules, and ovaries and their follicles. LH (luteinizing) matures testes and stimulates ovulation and influences follicular cells. |
| Old follicles in ovaries change into what and do what? | Converts to yellowish mass of cells rich in blood vessels called the corpus luteum that secretes progesterone and estrogen. |
| 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary. | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin that acts on kidneys) and Oxytocin (contracts uterus during birth) |
| Large endocrine structure in chest and associated hormones and results of increased or decreased amounts. | Thyroid releases thyroxine (4 atoms iodine) that accelerates oxidative metabolism. Hypo=goiter, decr. HR, lethargy, obesity, decr. mental alertness. Hyper=perspiration, high temp, high metabolic rate, high BP, weight loss, irritable. |
| Pea-like organs in chest, hormones, and abnormalities. | Parathyroid glands on posterior of thyroid secrete parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues. Increased increases bone formation. Constant plasma calcium level for muscle and neuron function. |
| Location of endocrine function in the pancreas. What they secrete. | Islets of Langerhans w/cc alpha cells (glucagon-responds to low blood sugar and stimulates glycogen breakdown to glucose) and beta cells (insulin-stimulates muscles to remove glucose when high blood cc or tells muscles and liver to convert to glycogen) |
| Endocrine glands on top of kidneys and two parts. | Adrenal glands consisting of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. |
| How stress causes release of anti-inflammatories. Limited by what? | Stress:ACTH from pituitary:adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids. Limited by their alterations of fat metabolism and their suppression of the immune system. |
| Adrenal hormone with small effect on males, but large on females. | Small amt of androgens (male sex hormones) from adrenal cortex |
| Specialized sympathetic nerve cells that secrete hormones | Secretory cells of the adrenal medulla produce epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epi increase glycogen to glucose, raising blood glucose and increasing basal metabolic rate. Both incr. HR and create "fight or flight." |
| Sex specific endocrine glands. | Gonands (testes and testosterone, ovaries and estrogen) |
| 9 parts to nervous system organization | Nervous system,periphera and central, sensory and motor, somatic and autonomic, and sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
| Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. | Norepinephrine. |
| Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. | ACh |
| Electrochemical signals transmitted by neurons. | Action potentials. |
| Gap between neuron and the target cell. | Synaptic cleft. |
| Neurotransmitter responsible for voluntary movement. | ACh released by motor neurons of the somatic motor nervous system. |
| Name, parts, and functions of largest part of brain. | Cerebral cortex, hemispheres, all voluntary motor activity and higher functions such as memory and creative thought. Outer portion containing cell bodies (gray matter) and inner portion containing axons (white matter). |
| Center for reception and integration of smell. | Olfactory lobe. |
| Relays and integrates nerve impulses and sensory info to and from the cerebral cortex. | Thalamus. |
| Hunger, thirst, pain, temp regulation, and water balance | Hypothalamus |
| Modulates and coordinates muscle activity. | Cerebellum. |
| Relay center for cerebral cortical fibers en route to the cerebellum. | Pons. |
| Controls breathing, HR, and gastrointestinal activity. Causes involuntary breathing in response to high CO levels. | Medulla oblongata |
| Network of neurons in the brain stem involved in processing signals from sensory and transmitting to other regions. Regulates activity of regions to alter alertness and attention. | Reticular activating system. |
| Route for axons to travel out of the brain. Center for many reflex actions. | Spinal cord. |
| What causes a sensation? | Altered membrane potential triggering an action potential sent to the CNS by sensory cells. |
| Bends and focuses light rays. | Cornea |
| Opening in eye, ____ , whose diameter is controlled by _____, which responds to light intensity. | Pupil, Iris |
| Suspended behind the eye opening and focuses the image. | Lens |
| Transduces light into action potential with photo receptors. | Retina. |
| What happens to focus on nearby objects? | Muscles around lens relax and lens rounds up, focusing light more sharply. |
| Why might someone have trouble focusing? | Muscles around lens too short or long, or lens is stiff with age, making eye unable to focus image. |
| Difference between two types of photoreceptor cells. | Cones respond to high-intensity illumination and are color sensitive. Rods detect low-intensity illumination and are important in night vision. |
| Nerves that conduct visual info from eye to brain. | Optic nerves. |
| Parts of the outer ear. | Auricle (pinna) and auditory canal. |
| Parts of the middle ear. | Tympanic membrane (eardrum), which vibrates at sound's frequency, and three bones/ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) which amplify stimulus and transmit it through oval window leading to fluid-filled inner ear. |
| Locations of taste buds. | Tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis. |
| Parts of taste buds and how message relayed to brain. | Outer surface with taste pore, from which microvilli (taste hairs) protrude.Network of nerve fibers are interwoven around bud and when stimulated, send impulse to brainstem. |
| 4 main taste sensations | sour, salty, sweet, and bitter |
| Chemical sensors of smell. Found where? | Olfactory receptors found in olfactory membrane, in the upper part of the nostrils (about 5 cm2). |
| How do we smell (nose to brain)? | Odor binds to receptors in the cilia of olfactory hairs projecting from receptors, which become depolarized. Axons from receptors join to form the olfactory nerves, which project to the olfactory bulbs. |
| Name for framework of a vertebrate and it's functions. | Endoskeleton provides attachment points for muscles and protection to organs. |
| Characteristic of cartilage. | Cartilage is more flexible, makes up lower vertebrates and embryonic skeletons, and contains no vessels or nerves (longer to heal). |
| Composition of bone. | Calcium, phosphate salts, and strands of the protein collagen. |
| What takes place in hollow cavity of bones. | Filled with bone marrow. Blood cells are formed here. |
| Attach bone to bone at movable joints. | Ligaments. |
| Attach bone to muscle. | Tendons. |
| Two regions of a vertebrate skeleton. | Axial (skull, v. column, and rib cage) and appendicular (appendages, pectoral and pelvic girdles). |
| Difference between Motor and Muscle Systems. | Motor S. is effector for the CNS. Muscle S. is effector of the nervous system. |
| Muscle that extends or straitens the bones at a joint. | Extensor. |
| Muscle that serves to bend a joint at an acute angle. | Flexor. |
| Where does the movement occur when a muscle contracts? | At it's origin, which is the point of attachment to a stationary bone. |
| Types of muscle tissue. | Smooth, skeletal, and cardia. |
| What causes muscle contraction, in brief. | Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other within cells. |
| Characteristics and location of "involuntary muscle." | Smooth m. found in visceral systems (arteries, veins, digestive tract, bladder, uterus) and innervated by the ANS. Nonstriated (proteins not organized), one centrally located nucleus per cell, connected directly w/o synapses. |
| Characteristics of "voluntary muscles." | Skeletal muscles for intentional physical movement. Multinucleated, striated. |
| What causes a muscle to contract? | Nerves of somatic NS stimulate skeletal muscle through neuromuscluar synapses. Action potential moves over muscle fiber, releasing calcium in cytoplasm,causing thin actin and thick myosin to slide over each other, shortening fibers. |
| Organization of muscle, small to large. | Actin and myosin filaments organized into contractile units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres make up muscle cells/fibers which make up muscles. |
| Characteristics of cardiac muscle. | Single nucleus, striated, connected by gap junctions (direct with no chemical synapses), regulated by ANS (increase rate and strenth with sympathetic, visa versa). |
| What is responsible for the heartbeat? | Internal pacemaker maintains regular heartbeat without NS, though it is modified by NS. |
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