Genetics
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| What is the name for 1 or more forms of the same gene? | Allele.
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| What is the name for the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acids.
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| What is the name for the thread-like structure that contains all or part of the DNA? | Chromosome.
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| What is the name for the 3-base group used in genetic code? | Condon.
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| What is the name for the structure of DNA? | Double-helix.
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| What is the basic hereditary unit that carries the instuctions to make a particular protein called? | Gene.
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| What is the name for all of the information encoded in our genes? | Genome.
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| What is the name for the genetic makeup of a cell or organism? | Genotype.
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| What is a cell called that has pairs of different alleles? | Heterozygous.
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| What is a cell called if it has identical alleles? | Homozygous.
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| What is the name for the position of a gene on a chromosome? | Locus (plural: loci).
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| What is the term used to describe a change in a cell's genetic code? | Mutation.
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| What term describes the physical characteristics of an organism? | Phenotype.
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| What is an allele called if it shows in a heterozygous genotype? | Dominant.
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| What is an allele called if it is not expressed unless it's genotype homozygous? | Recessive.
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| What is commonly used to determine the phenotypes of the childern using the genotypes of the parents? | A Punnet Square.
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| In a Punnet Square, what are the parents called? | Carriers.
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| Why can't a non-tongue-roller be heterozygous for the condition? | Because a recessive allele will only be expressed in an individual if they have a homozygous genotype.
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| What are the 4 types of inheritance? | Simple Inheritance; Incomplete Inheritance; Co-Domination; Sex-linked Inheritance.
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| Which is the form of inheritance where 2 or more alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype? | Incomplete Inheritance.
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| Which is the form of inheritance where the phenotype of the heterozygous organism is a combination of the phenotypes of the homozygous organism? | Co-Dominance.
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| If a person has blood group 'O', what are the possible genotypes? | OO.
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| If a person has blood group 'A', what are the possible genotypes? | AA or AO.
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| If a person has blood group 'B', what are the possible genotypes? | BB or BO.
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| If a person has blood group 'AB', what are the possible genotypes? | AB.
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| What is the short form of "Deoxyribonucleic Acid"? | DNA.
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| What did Watson & Crick discover in 1953? | The DNA molecule.
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| What is a building block consisting of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base called? | A nucleotide.
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| What are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine? | The 4 nitrogen bases in a nucleotide.
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| What is it called when Adenine & Thymine, and Guanine & Cytosine pair together? | Complementary pairing.
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| Each condon describes the type and sequence of what? | Amino acids.
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| Cells use amino acids to make _______ _________. | Protein molecules.
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| All genes begin with the same 3 letters: ___. | ATG.
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| There are 3 "stop" condons. What are they? | TAA, TAG, and TGA.
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| There are a total of ___ possible condons. | Sixty-four.
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| There are only ___ amino acids. | Twenty.
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| What is the process when DNA is copied exactly called? | Replication.
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| Each _____ on a DNA strand codes for an _____ ____. | Codon; Amino acid.
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| Mutations will only be inherited if they occur in what? | In gametes or in the zygote cell.
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| What are X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light known as? | Mutagens.
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| What can mutagens cause? | Cell mutations, that can become a cancerous tumour.
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| What is the most common form of mutation? | Single-gene Mutation.
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| The disease Sickle-cell Anaemia is a result of __________. | Single-gene Mutation.
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| What is the disease in which the individual has an extra chromosome (number 21)? | Tri-21 (Down Syndrome).
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| What are body cells called? | Somatic cells.
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| What are sex cells called? | Gametes.
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| What are 2 types if cell division in animals? | Mitosis and Meiosis.
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| How many daughter cells does Mitosis produce? | Two.
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| What are the daughter cells produced by Mitosis called? | Diploid cells.
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| True/false: Diploid cells are exact copies of their parents. | True.
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| How many daughter cells does Meiosis produce? | Four.
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| What are the daughter cells produced by Meiosos called? | Haploid cells.
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| How many chromosomes do diploid cells have? | 46 chromosomes each (23 pairs).
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| True/false: Haploid cells have 22 chromosomes each. | False - they have 23 each.
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| Why does Meiosis produce 4 daughter cells? | Beacuse there are 2 divisions.
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| What is the passing on of characteristics from the parents to the offspring called? | Heredity.
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| What is the characteristic that is inherited called? | A trait.
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| What is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait called? | A hybrid.
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| What is the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo called? | The Cell Cycle.
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| What only pairs with Thymine (T)? | Adenine (A).
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| What only pairs with Guanine (G)? | Cytosine (C).
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| What are the 'rungs' of DNA made up of? | The 4 nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
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| What is a nucleotide base attached to? | Sugar.
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| What are the 'rails' of DNA made up of? | Sugar and Phosphate.
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| What is the sugar in DNA? | Deoxyribose.
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| True/false: The Y chromosome is small and carries very few genes. | True.
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| It is possible that all humans had brown eyes until a ____ ______ ____ appeared. | Blue mutant gene.
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| Somatic cells are _______ (2n). | Diploid.
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| Gametes are _______ (n). | Haploid.
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| Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes in the same loci are called what? | Homologous pairs.
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| True/false: Homologous pairs cannot contain different alleles for each feature (eg. eye colour). | False.
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| Females have a homologous pair of chromosomes (____). | XX.
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| Males have an ____ chromosome. | XY.
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| In a Pedigree, a male is represented by what? | A square.
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| In a Pedigree, a female is represented by what? | A circle.
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| What are chromosomes made of? | DNA and proteins.
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| What is it called when the offspring will only display 1 form of a character? | True breeding (or 'purebred').
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| What is the likelihood that a specific event will occur called? | Probability.
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| Where are chromosoms located? | In the nucleus of a cell.
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| Where are genes located? | On the chomosomes.
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| Where are 2 identical copies of the chromosome located? | At the centromere.
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| Who is the "father of modern genetics"? | Gregor Mendel.
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| What is it called when A bonds to T and C to G? | Base pairing.
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| Which type of blood is the universal donor? | Type 'O'.
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| Which type of blood is the universal recipient? | Type 'AB'.
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| What is the type of inheritance that is gneder-specific? | Sex-linked Inheritance.
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| What speeds up a chemical reaction, and is released unchanged? | An enzyme.
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| What are genetically identical cells, created through Mitosis called? | Daughter cells.
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| Why would you expect half the children born in the world to be female? | Because there is a 50% chance that the sperm carries an X- or a Y-chromosome.
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