A&P test 2
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| Accessory muscles of inspiration (4 types) | Thoracic muscles, neck muscles, muscles of upper arm and shoulder, back muscles
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| Muscles of thoracic expiration | Thoracic muscles, abdominal muscles of expiration
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| Only place in body where gas exchange happens | Alveoli- minute sacs located deep within lungs
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| Air pressure: | force exerted on walls of chamber by molecules
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| This principle forms basis for movement of air in and out of lungs | Boyle's Law
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| Vertebral column sections | Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
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| Bony support of respiratory system is composed of | Rib cage and Vertebral Column
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| At the base of vertebral column is | Pelvic girdle
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| Pectoral girdle is comprised of: | Scapula and clavicle, which attach to sternum
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| This permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, which allows them to elevate | Cartilaginous attachment of ribs to sternum
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| Effect of head posture on airway patency | Bending forward closes airway, flexing neck back opens it more
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| Brochial tree is characterized by | Increasingly smaller tubes that branch into the depths of lungs
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| Esophagus (position, function) | A long, collapsed, tube that lies posterior to trachea, provides conduit to digestive system
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| Bolus propelled to stomach by (2 things) | gravity and peristaltic constractions of esophagus
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| Terminal bronchiole | Final tube in bronchial tree (1 mm in diameter)
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| How big are alveoli and how many are there in mature lungs? | 0.25 mm, 300 million in lungs
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| Which part of the alveoli permits gas exchange and why? | The extremely thin membrane which is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| Each alveolus is covered with | A bed of more than 2000 capillaries, allows for very efficient gas exchange
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| Surfactant | Substance which reduces surface tension to keep alveolus from collapsing during respiration, when pressure is negative in the alveolus.
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| Pollutants entering respiratory tract are... | removed through cleansing of beating epithelia that line bronchial passageway, along with coughing.
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| Effect of diaphgram contracting | Enlarges vertical dimension of lungs, which causes pressure inside the lungs to become negative relative to the outside atmospheric pressure, so air is pulled into the lungs.
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| Effect of elevating rib cage | Enlarges transverse dimension (anterior-posterior and lateral dimensions)
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| Pleural lining | Lining which completely covers lungs and inner thoracic wall. Consists of Visceral and Parietal pleurae.
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| Pleural lining provides | means of smooth contact for rough tissue, and mechanism for translating force of thorax enlargement into inspiration
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| Visceral pleurae | Lining which encases lungs (inner membrane).
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| Regions of parietal pleurae | Outer membrane Mediastinal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, costal and apical
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| Costal pleurae | Cover inner surface of rib cage
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| Apical pleurae | Cover superior-most region of rib cage
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| Pleural membranes are composed of | elastic and fibrous tissue
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| Continuous sheet of pleurae provides | airtight seal that is required for lungs to follow movement of thorax
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| Collapsed lung | Results from the breakage of the visceral or parietal pleurae
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| Pleurisy | Condition in which pleural lining of thoracic cavity are inflamed
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| Dry pleurisy | Extreme pain while breathing due to loss of lubricating quality of intrapleural fluid
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| Lungs are pulled down when diaphragm contracts because of | Association between pleurae and diaphragm
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| Passive/quiet inspiration only requires use of | diaphragm
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| Diaphragm has attachments | along lower margin of rib cage, sternum and vertebral column
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| Diaphragm forms | reasonably complete separation between thoracic and abdominal chambers
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| Central tendon of diaphragm | Intermediate region which is made up on large, leafy aponeurosis. Does not contract, but muscles that radiate from it do contract.
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| Vertebral attachment of diaphragm is accomplished by means | of two crura
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| Three diaphragmatic hiatuses | Abdominal aorta hiatus (attaches to vertebral column), esophageal hiatus, foramen vena cava.
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| Contraction of diaphragm pulls central tendon | down and forward
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| What structures are involved in forced inspiration? | Diaphragm plus thoracic muscles of inspiration, accessory muscles of neck, back muscles
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| What is the goal in forced inspiration? | To raise the ribs, to increase the transverse dimension of thoracic cavity
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| External intercostal muscles | Provide ribs with both unity and mobility, elevate rib cage
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| What happens in quiet expiration? | Gravity brings ribs back down, abdominal viscera push diaphragm back up
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| Intrapleural pressure is always | Negative relative to atmospheric pressure
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| Contraction of posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration | Produces a lifting of the rib cage
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| Clavicular breathing | A form of respiration in which a major source of thorax expansion comes from elevation of rib cage via contraction of neck accessory muscles, most notably sternocleidomastoid.
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| Forced expiration achieved in two ways | Decrease front-to-back dimension by pulling down rib cage using muscles, squeezing their abdominal viscera which pushes diaphragm higher into thorax and decreases vertical dimension
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| Muscles of forced expiration | Muscles of thorax, back and upper limb, and abdominal muscles
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| Accessory muscles of exppiration | Act like a cumberbund wrapping abdomen
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| Thoracic fixation | layers of abdominal muscles that help to compress viscera while simultaneously stabilizing thorax
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| Thoracic fixation used for | Increasing strength and power for forced expiration, for muscles of upper body to pull against relatively rigid structure
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| Most inferior laryngeal cartilage | Cricoid cartilage
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| Largest of laryngeal cartilages | thyroid cartilage
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| Where is the anterior point of attachment for vocal folds? | The inner surface of the thyroid cartilage (at thyroid notch)
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| Where is the posterior point of attachment for vocal folds? | Vocal process of arythenoid cartilages
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| What are the paired cartilages that ride on superior surface of each arytenoid cartilage? | Corniculate cartilages
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| What articulates with the thyroid cartilage by means of the thyroid's superior process? | Hyoid bone
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| Located medially to hyoid bone | Epiglottis (cartilage)
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| What cartilages reside within aryepiglottic folds? | Cuneiform cartilages
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| Where are the valleculae found? | Between tongue and epiglottis
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| What is the lateral space between the aryepiglottic membrane and the thyroid cartilage called? | Pyriform sinus
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| Vocal folds are composed of how many layers of tissue? | 5 layers
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| Most superficial layer of vocal folds | Squamous epithelium
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| What aids in hydration of vocal folds? | Squamous epithelium (aids in fluid retention)
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| Connective tissue that underlies mucosal epithelia in body | Lamina Propria
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| Lamina Propria is composed of how many layers of tissue? | 3 layers (Superior, intermediate, deep) 2 are elastin and one layer is collage
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| What muscle forms the fifth layer of vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis Muscle
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| What makes up the bulk of the vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis
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| Which muscle is the contractible tensor of the vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis
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| Effort of phonation ___as individuals are dehydrates | Increases
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| Effect of dehydration on voicing | Increase in effort plus increased cycle-by-cycle variation (perturbation)
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| What is the entryway of larynx? | Aditus
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| What separates the vocal and ventricular folds? | Laryngeal ventricle
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| The variable space between vocal folds | Glottis
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| What cartilages provide support for membranous laryngeal covering? | Cuneiform cartilages
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| What forms the union between tongue and laryngeal structure? | Hyoid bone
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| Where does the movement of cricoid and thyroid cartilages occur? | The circothyroid joint.
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| When cricoid and thyroid cartilages move towards each other in front... | Arytenoid cartilage moves farther away from thyroid cartilage, which tenses vocal folds.
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| What is the articulation between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages? | The cricoarytenoid joint
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| Articular facet for arytenoid cartilage permits the following movements: | rocking, gliding, rotation
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| Effect of arytenoid rocking on vocal folds? | Adducts them (brings them to midline)
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| Anterior-posterior gliding of arytenoids has what effect on vocal folds? | Facilitates change in vocal fold length
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| What motion is limited to the extremes of abduction? | Rotation of arytenoid cartilages
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| What attaches to the muscular process? | Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, thyromuscularis, superior thyroarytenoid
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| What attaches to vocal process? | vocal chords, thyrovocalis
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| Muscles that have both their origin and insertion on laryngeal cavities | Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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| Muscles that have one attachment on laryngeal cartilage and the other on nonlaryngeal structure | Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
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| Muscles that make fine adjustments of vocal mechanism such as opening closing, tensing, relaxing vocal folds | Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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| Which cranial nerve innervates all of intrinsic laryngeal muscles? | Vagus (X)
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| Responsible for major adjustments of larynx,important in safe swallowing | Extrinsic laryngeal
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| Three adductor muscles | LAteral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid
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| Medial compression | degree of force applied to vocal folds at point of contact
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| Increased medial compression is a functino of | Increased force of adduction
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| Medial compression is important for regulation of | vocal intensity
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| What is the sole abductor of vocal folds? | Posterior Cricoarytenoid
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| Two glottal tensors | Cricothyroid, thyrovocalis
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| Rocks thyroid forward relative to cricoid | Cricothyroid muscle
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| Contraction of this muscle drwas the thyroid and cricoid cartilages further apart in front | Thyrovocalis
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| Medial muscle of vocal folds | Thyrovocalis
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| Relaxers of vocal folds (2) | Thyromuscularis, superior thyroarytenoid
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| Result of using excessive adductory force | Vocal hyperfunction
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| Vocal hyperfunction can result in | laryngitis, vocal nodules, contact ulcers, or vocal polyps
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| Muscles that elevate hyoid and larynx are termed | laryngeal elevators
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| Function of laryngeal depressors | To depress and stabilize the larynx via attachment to hyoid bone
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| Function of aryepiglottic muscle | narrows the size of laryngeal opening. protective
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