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Respiration & Phonat
A&P test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accessory muscles of inspiration (4 types) | Thoracic muscles, neck muscles, muscles of upper arm and shoulder, back muscles |
| Muscles of thoracic expiration | Thoracic muscles, abdominal muscles of expiration |
| Only place in body where gas exchange happens | Alveoli- minute sacs located deep within lungs |
| Air pressure: | force exerted on walls of chamber by molecules |
| This principle forms basis for movement of air in and out of lungs | Boyle's Law |
| Vertebral column sections | Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx |
| Bony support of respiratory system is composed of | Rib cage and Vertebral Column |
| At the base of vertebral column is | Pelvic girdle |
| Pectoral girdle is comprised of: | Scapula and clavicle, which attach to sternum |
| This permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, which allows them to elevate | Cartilaginous attachment of ribs to sternum |
| Effect of head posture on airway patency | Bending forward closes airway, flexing neck back opens it more |
| Brochial tree is characterized by | Increasingly smaller tubes that branch into the depths of lungs |
| Esophagus (position, function) | A long, collapsed, tube that lies posterior to trachea, provides conduit to digestive system |
| Bolus propelled to stomach by (2 things) | gravity and peristaltic constractions of esophagus |
| Terminal bronchiole | Final tube in bronchial tree (1 mm in diameter) |
| How big are alveoli and how many are there in mature lungs? | 0.25 mm, 300 million in lungs |
| Which part of the alveoli permits gas exchange and why? | The extremely thin membrane which is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Each alveolus is covered with | A bed of more than 2000 capillaries, allows for very efficient gas exchange |
| Surfactant | Substance which reduces surface tension to keep alveolus from collapsing during respiration, when pressure is negative in the alveolus. |
| Pollutants entering respiratory tract are... | removed through cleansing of beating epithelia that line bronchial passageway, along with coughing. |
| Effect of diaphgram contracting | Enlarges vertical dimension of lungs, which causes pressure inside the lungs to become negative relative to the outside atmospheric pressure, so air is pulled into the lungs. |
| Effect of elevating rib cage | Enlarges transverse dimension (anterior-posterior and lateral dimensions) |
| Pleural lining | Lining which completely covers lungs and inner thoracic wall. Consists of Visceral and Parietal pleurae. |
| Pleural lining provides | means of smooth contact for rough tissue, and mechanism for translating force of thorax enlargement into inspiration |
| Visceral pleurae | Lining which encases lungs (inner membrane). |
| Regions of parietal pleurae | Outer membrane Mediastinal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, costal and apical |
| Costal pleurae | Cover inner surface of rib cage |
| Apical pleurae | Cover superior-most region of rib cage |
| Pleural membranes are composed of | elastic and fibrous tissue |
| Continuous sheet of pleurae provides | airtight seal that is required for lungs to follow movement of thorax |
| Collapsed lung | Results from the breakage of the visceral or parietal pleurae |
| Pleurisy | Condition in which pleural lining of thoracic cavity are inflamed |
| Dry pleurisy | Extreme pain while breathing due to loss of lubricating quality of intrapleural fluid |
| Lungs are pulled down when diaphragm contracts because of | Association between pleurae and diaphragm |
| Passive/quiet inspiration only requires use of | diaphragm |
| Diaphragm has attachments | along lower margin of rib cage, sternum and vertebral column |
| Diaphragm forms | reasonably complete separation between thoracic and abdominal chambers |
| Central tendon of diaphragm | Intermediate region which is made up on large, leafy aponeurosis. Does not contract, but muscles that radiate from it do contract. |
| Vertebral attachment of diaphragm is accomplished by means | of two crura |
| Three diaphragmatic hiatuses | Abdominal aorta hiatus (attaches to vertebral column), esophageal hiatus, foramen vena cava. |
| Contraction of diaphragm pulls central tendon | down and forward |
| What structures are involved in forced inspiration? | Diaphragm plus thoracic muscles of inspiration, accessory muscles of neck, back muscles |
| What is the goal in forced inspiration? | To raise the ribs, to increase the transverse dimension of thoracic cavity |
| External intercostal muscles | Provide ribs with both unity and mobility, elevate rib cage |
| What happens in quiet expiration? | Gravity brings ribs back down, abdominal viscera push diaphragm back up |
| Intrapleural pressure is always | Negative relative to atmospheric pressure |
| Contraction of posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration | Produces a lifting of the rib cage |
| Clavicular breathing | A form of respiration in which a major source of thorax expansion comes from elevation of rib cage via contraction of neck accessory muscles, most notably sternocleidomastoid. |
| Forced expiration achieved in two ways | Decrease front-to-back dimension by pulling down rib cage using muscles, squeezing their abdominal viscera which pushes diaphragm higher into thorax and decreases vertical dimension |
| Muscles of forced expiration | Muscles of thorax, back and upper limb, and abdominal muscles |
| Accessory muscles of exppiration | Act like a cumberbund wrapping abdomen |
| Thoracic fixation | layers of abdominal muscles that help to compress viscera while simultaneously stabilizing thorax |
| Thoracic fixation used for | Increasing strength and power for forced expiration, for muscles of upper body to pull against relatively rigid structure |
| Most inferior laryngeal cartilage | Cricoid cartilage |
| Largest of laryngeal cartilages | thyroid cartilage |
| Where is the anterior point of attachment for vocal folds? | The inner surface of the thyroid cartilage (at thyroid notch) |
| Where is the posterior point of attachment for vocal folds? | Vocal process of arythenoid cartilages |
| What are the paired cartilages that ride on superior surface of each arytenoid cartilage? | Corniculate cartilages |
| What articulates with the thyroid cartilage by means of the thyroid's superior process? | Hyoid bone |
| Located medially to hyoid bone | Epiglottis (cartilage) |
| What cartilages reside within aryepiglottic folds? | Cuneiform cartilages |
| Where are the valleculae found? | Between tongue and epiglottis |
| What is the lateral space between the aryepiglottic membrane and the thyroid cartilage called? | Pyriform sinus |
| Vocal folds are composed of how many layers of tissue? | 5 layers |
| Most superficial layer of vocal folds | Squamous epithelium |
| What aids in hydration of vocal folds? | Squamous epithelium (aids in fluid retention) |
| Connective tissue that underlies mucosal epithelia in body | Lamina Propria |
| Lamina Propria is composed of how many layers of tissue? | 3 layers (Superior, intermediate, deep) 2 are elastin and one layer is collage |
| What muscle forms the fifth layer of vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis Muscle |
| What makes up the bulk of the vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis |
| Which muscle is the contractible tensor of the vocal folds? | Thyrovocalis |
| Effort of phonation ___as individuals are dehydrates | Increases |
| Effect of dehydration on voicing | Increase in effort plus increased cycle-by-cycle variation (perturbation) |
| What is the entryway of larynx? | Aditus |
| What separates the vocal and ventricular folds? | Laryngeal ventricle |
| The variable space between vocal folds | Glottis |
| What cartilages provide support for membranous laryngeal covering? | Cuneiform cartilages |
| What forms the union between tongue and laryngeal structure? | Hyoid bone |
| Where does the movement of cricoid and thyroid cartilages occur? | The circothyroid joint. |
| When cricoid and thyroid cartilages move towards each other in front... | Arytenoid cartilage moves farther away from thyroid cartilage, which tenses vocal folds. |
| What is the articulation between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages? | The cricoarytenoid joint |
| Articular facet for arytenoid cartilage permits the following movements: | rocking, gliding, rotation |
| Effect of arytenoid rocking on vocal folds? | Adducts them (brings them to midline) |
| Anterior-posterior gliding of arytenoids has what effect on vocal folds? | Facilitates change in vocal fold length |
| What motion is limited to the extremes of abduction? | Rotation of arytenoid cartilages |
| What attaches to the muscular process? | Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, thyromuscularis, superior thyroarytenoid |
| What attaches to vocal process? | vocal chords, thyrovocalis |
| Muscles that have both their origin and insertion on laryngeal cavities | Intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| Muscles that have one attachment on laryngeal cartilage and the other on nonlaryngeal structure | Extrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| Muscles that make fine adjustments of vocal mechanism such as opening closing, tensing, relaxing vocal folds | Intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| Which cranial nerve innervates all of intrinsic laryngeal muscles? | Vagus (X) |
| Responsible for major adjustments of larynx,important in safe swallowing | Extrinsic laryngeal |
| Three adductor muscles | LAteral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid |
| Medial compression | degree of force applied to vocal folds at point of contact |
| Increased medial compression is a functino of | Increased force of adduction |
| Medial compression is important for regulation of | vocal intensity |
| What is the sole abductor of vocal folds? | Posterior Cricoarytenoid |
| Two glottal tensors | Cricothyroid, thyrovocalis |
| Rocks thyroid forward relative to cricoid | Cricothyroid muscle |
| Contraction of this muscle drwas the thyroid and cricoid cartilages further apart in front | Thyrovocalis |
| Medial muscle of vocal folds | Thyrovocalis |
| Relaxers of vocal folds (2) | Thyromuscularis, superior thyroarytenoid |
| Result of using excessive adductory force | Vocal hyperfunction |
| Vocal hyperfunction can result in | laryngitis, vocal nodules, contact ulcers, or vocal polyps |
| Muscles that elevate hyoid and larynx are termed | laryngeal elevators |
| Function of laryngeal depressors | To depress and stabilize the larynx via attachment to hyoid bone |
| Function of aryepiglottic muscle | narrows the size of laryngeal opening. protective |
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