Ch. 23; viruses and bacteria
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| Bioremediation | microorganisms which a contaminated site is exposed to break down the toxins, leaving behind organic products
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| Rickettsias | very small, rod shaped bacteria. few species are pathogenic to humans and other animals, contracted through bites
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| azotabacteria | inhabit the soil and fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions
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| pseudonomads | heterotrophs that produce non-photosynthetic pigments
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| phizobium | species live symbiotically in root nodules of leguminous plants
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| vibrios | mainly marine, some are bioluminescent
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| enterobacteria | include decomposers that live on decaying plant matter, pathogens and a variety of bacteria that inhabit humans
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| Extreme thermophiles | normally grow in hot (45-115 C), acidic environments
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| Extreme halophiles | heterotrophs that live in saturated brine solutions, like salt ponds
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| methanogens | large diverse group of archaea that inhabit oxygen free environments in sewage and swamps, common in the digestive tracks in humans
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| signature sequences | each group has these, distinctive nucleotides sequences in their ribosomal RNA
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| Eubacteria | comprises all other prokaryotes
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| archaea | includes a group of prokaryotes that produce methane gas from simple carbon sources and two groups that live in extreme environments
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| obligate anaerobes | can carrry on energy yeilding metabolism on anaerobically. they can be killed even in low concentrations of oxygen
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| facultative anaerobes | ORganisms which can use oxygen for respiration or can undergo anaerobic resperation
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| chemosynthetic autotrophs | obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic material
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| photosynthetic autotrophs | obtain their energy from light
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| autotrophs | manufacture their own organic molecules from raw materials
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| saprotrophs | organisms that get their nourishment from dead organic matter
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| heterotophs | must obtain organic compounds from other organisms
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| conjugations | two cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from 1 to the other
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| transduction | a phage carries bacterial genes from 1 cell into another
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| transformation | fragments of DNA released by a cell are taken in by another cell
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| fragmentation | walls develop within the cell, which then seperates into several new cells
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| binary fission | process by which one cell divides into two similar cells
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| budding | less common form of asexual reproduction among bacteria
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| plasmids | small amounts of genetic material in a small end to end of single strand DNA
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| flagella | the locomotion of most motile bacteria
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| capsule | bacteria produced slime or surrounding that surrounds the cell wall
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| Gram negative | cell which does not retain violet stain when mixed in alcohol (peptidoglycan is held within a membrane)
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| gram positive | bacteria which absord and retain violet stain (have thick peptidoglycan layer)
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| peptidoglycan | a complex polymer that consists of two unusual types of sugars linked with short polypeptides
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| spirillum | bacteria in the shape of a long helix, provided it is rigid
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| spirochete | a bacterium with a long helix shape and is not rigid
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| Vibrio | bacterium shaped like a very short helix
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| bacilli | rod shpaed bacteria, may occur as single rods or as long chains of rods
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| cocci | spherical bacteria, occur singly in some species and in groups of independent cells in others
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| bacteria | they are cellular organisms, prokaryotes and their cell structure is fundamentally different from the cells of ther living organisms
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| Transmissiable spongiform encephalopathies | diseases caused by prions, cause infected brain appears to develop holes, becoming spongelike
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| prion | a protein like infectious particle
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| viroids | a very short strand of infectious RNA without any protein or capsid
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| Lysogenic conversion | when bacterial cells containing temperate viruses exhibit new properties
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| lysogenic cells | any bacteria carrying a prophage
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| lysogenic cycle | viral genome becomes integrated into the host bacterial DNA and is then referred to as a prophage
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| temperate viruses | do not always destroy their hosts
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| lytic reproductive cycle | Virus lysis and destroys the host cell (1-attachment 2-penetration 3-replication 4-assembly 5-release)
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| Virus | tiny infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid cor, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
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| bacteriophages | viruses that kill bacteria (commonly called phages)
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