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Bacteria
Ch. 23; viruses and bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bioremediation | microorganisms which a contaminated site is exposed to break down the toxins, leaving behind organic products |
| Rickettsias | very small, rod shaped bacteria. few species are pathogenic to humans and other animals, contracted through bites |
| azotabacteria | inhabit the soil and fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions |
| pseudonomads | heterotrophs that produce non-photosynthetic pigments |
| phizobium | species live symbiotically in root nodules of leguminous plants |
| vibrios | mainly marine, some are bioluminescent |
| enterobacteria | include decomposers that live on decaying plant matter, pathogens and a variety of bacteria that inhabit humans |
| Extreme thermophiles | normally grow in hot (45-115 C), acidic environments |
| Extreme halophiles | heterotrophs that live in saturated brine solutions, like salt ponds |
| methanogens | large diverse group of archaea that inhabit oxygen free environments in sewage and swamps, common in the digestive tracks in humans |
| signature sequences | each group has these, distinctive nucleotides sequences in their ribosomal RNA |
| Eubacteria | comprises all other prokaryotes |
| archaea | includes a group of prokaryotes that produce methane gas from simple carbon sources and two groups that live in extreme environments |
| obligate anaerobes | can carrry on energy yeilding metabolism on anaerobically. they can be killed even in low concentrations of oxygen |
| facultative anaerobes | ORganisms which can use oxygen for respiration or can undergo anaerobic resperation |
| chemosynthetic autotrophs | obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic material |
| photosynthetic autotrophs | obtain their energy from light |
| autotrophs | manufacture their own organic molecules from raw materials |
| saprotrophs | organisms that get their nourishment from dead organic matter |
| heterotophs | must obtain organic compounds from other organisms |
| conjugations | two cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from 1 to the other |
| transduction | a phage carries bacterial genes from 1 cell into another |
| transformation | fragments of DNA released by a cell are taken in by another cell |
| fragmentation | walls develop within the cell, which then seperates into several new cells |
| binary fission | process by which one cell divides into two similar cells |
| budding | less common form of asexual reproduction among bacteria |
| plasmids | small amounts of genetic material in a small end to end of single strand DNA |
| flagella | the locomotion of most motile bacteria |
| capsule | bacteria produced slime or surrounding that surrounds the cell wall |
| Gram negative | cell which does not retain violet stain when mixed in alcohol (peptidoglycan is held within a membrane) |
| gram positive | bacteria which absord and retain violet stain (have thick peptidoglycan layer) |
| peptidoglycan | a complex polymer that consists of two unusual types of sugars linked with short polypeptides |
| spirillum | bacteria in the shape of a long helix, provided it is rigid |
| spirochete | a bacterium with a long helix shape and is not rigid |
| Vibrio | bacterium shaped like a very short helix |
| bacilli | rod shpaed bacteria, may occur as single rods or as long chains of rods |
| cocci | spherical bacteria, occur singly in some species and in groups of independent cells in others |
| bacteria | they are cellular organisms, prokaryotes and their cell structure is fundamentally different from the cells of ther living organisms |
| Transmissiable spongiform encephalopathies | diseases caused by prions, cause infected brain appears to develop holes, becoming spongelike |
| prion | a protein like infectious particle |
| viroids | a very short strand of infectious RNA without any protein or capsid |
| Lysogenic conversion | when bacterial cells containing temperate viruses exhibit new properties |
| lysogenic cells | any bacteria carrying a prophage |
| lysogenic cycle | viral genome becomes integrated into the host bacterial DNA and is then referred to as a prophage |
| temperate viruses | do not always destroy their hosts |
| lytic reproductive cycle | Virus lysis and destroys the host cell (1-attachment 2-penetration 3-replication 4-assembly 5-release) |
| Virus | tiny infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid cor, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid |
| bacteriophages | viruses that kill bacteria (commonly called phages) |
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