AP Government: Constitutional Underpinnings
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| Bicameral Legislature | Two-house Legislature
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| Block Grant | Money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose.
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| Categorical Grant | Money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose.
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| Centralists | Those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority.
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| Checks and Balances | Each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches.
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| Commerce Clause | Gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, foreign nations, and among Indian tribes.
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| Concurrent Powers | Those held by both Congress and the states.
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| Confederation | System in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government.
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| Decentalists | Those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority.
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| Direct Democracy | System in which the people rule themselves.
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| Elastic Clause | Congress can exercise those powers that are “necessary and proper” for carrying out the enumerated powers.
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| Enumerated Powers | That are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution. Also known as expressed powers.
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| Federalism | Constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments.
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| Dual Federalism | System in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere.
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| Copperative Federalism | System in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems.
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| New Federalism | System in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states.
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| Federalist Papers | Group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution.
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| Formal Amendment | A change in the actual wording of the Constitution.
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| Implied Powers | Those that are “necessary and proper” to carry out Congress’ enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause.
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| Indirect Democracy | System in which the people are rule by their representatives. Also known as representative democracy, or republic.
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| Inherent Powers | Foreign policy powers held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government.
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| Informal Amendment | A change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution, most likely through a court decision.
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| Judicial Review | Power of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. Established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803.
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| Mandates | Requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. Some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government, but lack funding.
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| Marbury vs. Madison | 1803: Established the power of judicial review.
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| McCulloch vs. Maryland | 1819: Established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers.
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| Police Powers | Powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public.
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| Popular Sovereignty | Principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people.
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| Reserved Powers | Powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the US government is “reserved” for the states.
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| Separation of Powers | Principle in which the powers of government are separated among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial.
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| Shay's Rebellion | 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention.
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| Supermajority | A majority greater than a simple majority of one over half.
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| Unicameral Legislature | One-house Legislature
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