Bio
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| Cells | basic unit of life
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| Cell Theory | fundamental concept of Biology:
-all living things are composed of cells
-Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
-New cells are produced from existing cells
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| Nucleus | large membrane; enclosed structure that contains the cell's DNA; controls cell activity; the "brain"
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| Eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei; contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell
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| Prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei; have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus
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| Organelles | structures acting as specialized organs-"little organs"
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| Cytoplasm | portion of the cell outside of the nucleus
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| Nucleus | contains nearly all the cell's DNA and coded instructions for making proteins- controls everything that goes on in the cell; the "brain"
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| Nuclear Envelope | surrounds nucleus; composed of 2 membranes; allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus
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| Chromatin | in the nucleus, consists of DNA
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| Chromosomes | thread-like structures; contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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| Nucleolus | where the assembly of ribosomes begins; small dense region inside the nucleus
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| Ribosomes | what proteins are assembled on; small particles of RNA; in the cytoplasm
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
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| Rough ER | ribosomes are found on the surface; newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER where they may be chemically modified
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| Smooth ER | ribosomes not found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks
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| Golgi Apparatus | modify/sort/package proteins from ER and send to final destination
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| Lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes; break down cell's waste
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| Vacuoles | store materials (water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates)
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| Central Vacuole | plant cells; make it possible to hold heavy structures (leaves/flowers)
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| Mitochondria | in Eukaryotes and plants; organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use; 2 membranes; inherited from egg cells; carried DNA
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| Chloroplasts | in plant cells; where photosynthesis begins; captures energy from sunlight and uses energy to produce glucose
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| Cytoskeleton | network of protein fibers; involved in movement; maintains shape
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| Microtubules | largest type of cytoskeleton; maintains cell shape; path in which organelles move
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| Centricoles | important in cell division
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| Cilia | Cell movement
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| Flagella | cell movement
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| Microfilaments | long, thin fibers; movement and support of cell; concentrated just beneath cell membrane
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | states that mitochondria and chloroplasts carry their own DNA; they come from prokaryotes; took millions of years to evolve
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| Cell Membrane | regulates what goes in and out of the cell; contains proteins, made of 2 layers of lipid bilayer; made of plamsa
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| Transport Proteins | help particles go in and out of the cell
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| Diffusion | molecules move form area of high concentration to area of low concentration; passive transport
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| Facilitated Diffusion | passive transport; diffusion across membrane using transport proteins; selectively permeable; needed if particle is too large or is charged
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| Cell Wall | supports cell; around cell membrane; plant cells only; maintains cell's shape; provides protection
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| Lipid Bilayer | makes up cell membrane (2 layers)
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| Concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution (or mass/volume)
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| Equilibrium | concentration of a solute i the same throughout a system
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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| Isotonic | "same strength"
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| Hypertonic | "above strength"
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| Hypotonic | "below strength"
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| Passive Transport | transport requiring no energy
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| Active Transport | transport requiring energy
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| Endocytosis | process of taking material into the cell by means of folding the cell membrane; stored in vacuole in cytoplasm
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| Phagocytosis | extensions of cytoplasm surround particle and package it within a food vacuole
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| Pinocytosis | Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane; filled with liquid; pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell
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| Exocytosis | membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell (ex-removal of water)
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| Cell Specialization | cells develop different ways to perform different tasks
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| Tissue | group of similar cells grouped together to form a specific function
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| Organ | group of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function
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| Organ System | group of organs grouped together to perform a specific function
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