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Chapter 7 Test
Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | basic unit of life |
| Cell Theory | fundamental concept of Biology: -all living things are composed of cells -Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things -New cells are produced from existing cells |
| Nucleus | large membrane; enclosed structure that contains the cell's DNA; controls cell activity; the "brain" |
| Eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei; contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell |
| Prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei; have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus |
| Organelles | structures acting as specialized organs-"little organs" |
| Cytoplasm | portion of the cell outside of the nucleus |
| Nucleus | contains nearly all the cell's DNA and coded instructions for making proteins- controls everything that goes on in the cell; the "brain" |
| Nuclear Envelope | surrounds nucleus; composed of 2 membranes; allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus |
| Chromatin | in the nucleus, consists of DNA |
| Chromosomes | thread-like structures; contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| Nucleolus | where the assembly of ribosomes begins; small dense region inside the nucleus |
| Ribosomes | what proteins are assembled on; small particles of RNA; in the cytoplasm |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell |
| Rough ER | ribosomes are found on the surface; newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER where they may be chemically modified |
| Smooth ER | ribosomes not found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks |
| Golgi Apparatus | modify/sort/package proteins from ER and send to final destination |
| Lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes; break down cell's waste |
| Vacuoles | store materials (water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates) |
| Central Vacuole | plant cells; make it possible to hold heavy structures (leaves/flowers) |
| Mitochondria | in Eukaryotes and plants; organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use; 2 membranes; inherited from egg cells; carried DNA |
| Chloroplasts | in plant cells; where photosynthesis begins; captures energy from sunlight and uses energy to produce glucose |
| Cytoskeleton | network of protein fibers; involved in movement; maintains shape |
| Microtubules | largest type of cytoskeleton; maintains cell shape; path in which organelles move |
| Centricoles | important in cell division |
| Cilia | Cell movement |
| Flagella | cell movement |
| Microfilaments | long, thin fibers; movement and support of cell; concentrated just beneath cell membrane |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | states that mitochondria and chloroplasts carry their own DNA; they come from prokaryotes; took millions of years to evolve |
| Cell Membrane | regulates what goes in and out of the cell; contains proteins, made of 2 layers of lipid bilayer; made of plamsa |
| Transport Proteins | help particles go in and out of the cell |
| Diffusion | molecules move form area of high concentration to area of low concentration; passive transport |
| Facilitated Diffusion | passive transport; diffusion across membrane using transport proteins; selectively permeable; needed if particle is too large or is charged |
| Cell Wall | supports cell; around cell membrane; plant cells only; maintains cell's shape; provides protection |
| Lipid Bilayer | makes up cell membrane (2 layers) |
| Concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution (or mass/volume) |
| Equilibrium | concentration of a solute i the same throughout a system |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | "same strength" |
| Hypertonic | "above strength" |
| Hypotonic | "below strength" |
| Passive Transport | transport requiring no energy |
| Active Transport | transport requiring energy |
| Endocytosis | process of taking material into the cell by means of folding the cell membrane; stored in vacuole in cytoplasm |
| Phagocytosis | extensions of cytoplasm surround particle and package it within a food vacuole |
| Pinocytosis | Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane; filled with liquid; pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell |
| Exocytosis | membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell (ex-removal of water) |
| Cell Specialization | cells develop different ways to perform different tasks |
| Tissue | group of similar cells grouped together to form a specific function |
| Organ | group of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function |
| Organ System | group of organs grouped together to perform a specific function |
Created by:
rschmuckler
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