Physiology Exam 04
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| What are the seven functions of the skeletal system? | support, protection, movement (leverage), mineral storage, energy storage, red and white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
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| What is the term for red and white blood cell formation? | hemopoiesis
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| What does the skeletal system consist of? | connective tissue comprising the bones, cartilage and ligaments
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| What does each bone contain? | connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, connective tissue coverings
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| Is each bone an organ? | yes
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| Why is the skeletal system a system? | because it consists of bones which are each their own organs
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| What divisions make up the skeletal system? | axial and appendicular skeleton
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| What is the axial skeleton? | the central skeletal system consisting of the head, neck, ribs, and spine
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| What is the appendicular skeleton? | the extended limbs of the skeletal system such as the arms, legs, and hips
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| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones
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| How many bones compose the face? | 14 bones
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| How many bones compose the cranium? | 8 bones
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| How many bones compose the skull? | 22 bones (facial and cranial bones)
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| How many bones make up the auditory ossicles? | 6 bones
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| How many bones compose the vertebral column? | 26 bones
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| How many bones compose the thoracic region? | 25 bones
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| How many bones compose the ribs? | 24 bones
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| How many bones compose the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones
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| How many bones compose the carpals? | 16 bones
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| How many bones compose the metacarpals? | 10 bones
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| How many bones compose the phalanges? | 28 bones
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| How many bones compose the tarsals? | 14 bones
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| How many bones compose the metatarsals? | 10 bones
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| How many bones are there in the body? | 206 bones
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| Give an example of a long bone. | humerus
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| Give an example of a short bone. | trapezoid, wrist bone
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| Give an example of a flat bone. | sternum
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| Give an example of an irregular bone. | vertebra
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| Give an example of a sesamoid bone. | patella
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| Where are the sutural bones? | in between the frontal and parietal bones
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| What regions of the bone are important for growth and remodeling? | the endosteum and periosteum
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| Where is the periosteum located? | on the external surface of the bone
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| What is the periosteum made of? | connective tissue
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| What is the periosteum continuous with? | tendons and connective tissue of joints
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| How is the periosteum embedded in bones? | through the Sharpey's fibers
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| What are the two layers of the periosteum? | the outer fibrous and the inner cellular of progenitor (stem) cells (osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts)
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| Where is the endosteum located? | on the inner surfaces of bone including the marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, and the canals of compact bone
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| What does the endosteum contain? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and some osteoclasts (important for bone growth)
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| What composes the connective tissue? | extracellular matrix and the cells
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| What composes the extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and the fibers
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| What does the ground substance contain? | organic and inorganic components
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| What type of fibers are found in bones? | collagen fibers
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| What types of cells are found in bones? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
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| What cells are important in bone remodeling? | osteoblast and osteoclasts
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| What cells build bone? | osteoblasts
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| What cells break down bone? | osteoclasts
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| What do osteogenic cells develop into? | osteoblasts
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| What do osteoblasts do? | form the bone matrix
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| What do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue
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| What do osteoclasts do? | function in resorption, or the breakdown in bone tissue
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| What do osteoclasts have on their inferior border? | ruffled border
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| When is bone remodeled? | continuously through life
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| What is the term for the break down of bone? | bone resorption
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| What is the term for the build up of bone? | bone formation
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| What is the combination of bone resorption and formation? | turn over rate of bone
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| What is the other term for osteogenic cells? | osteoprogenitor cells
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| What are osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells? | stem cells
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| What are osteogenic cells formed from? | mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
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| What is unique about osteogenic cells? | they are the only bone cells that divide
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| Describe the cycle of osteogenic cells. | They go through mitosis to become daughter osteogenic cells then go through differentiation to become osteoblasts
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| What do osteoblasts do? | build bone (bone formation)
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| How do osteoblasts form? | they synthesize the organic components of the matrix
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| What do osteoblasts initiate? | calcification
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| What are the seven functions of the skeletal system? | support, protection, movement (leverage), mineral storage, energy storage, red and white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
🗑
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| What is the term for red and white blood cell formation? | hemopoiesis
🗑
|
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| What does the skeletal system consist of? | connective tissue comprising the bones, cartilage and ligaments
🗑
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| What does each bone contain? | connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, connective tissue coverings
🗑
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| Is each bone an organ? | yes
🗑
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| Why is the skeletal system a system? | because it consists of bones which are each their own organs
🗑
|
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| What divisions make up the skeletal system? | axial and appendicular skeleton
🗑
|
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| What is the axial skeleton? | the central skeletal system consisting of the head, neck, ribs, and spine
🗑
|
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| What is the appendicular skeleton? | the extended limbs of the skeletal system such as the arms, legs, and hips
🗑
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| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the face? | 14 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the cranium? | 8 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the skull? | 22 bones (facial and cranial bones)
🗑
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| How many bones make up the auditory ossicles? | 6 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the vertebral column? | 26 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the thoracic region? | 25 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the ribs? | 24 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the carpals? | 16 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the metacarpals? | 10 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the phalanges? | 28 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the tarsals? | 14 bones
🗑
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| How many bones compose the metatarsals? | 10 bones
🗑
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| How many bones are there in the body? | 206 bones
🗑
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| Give an example of a long bone. | humerus
🗑
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| Give an example of a short bone. | trapezoid, wrist bone
🗑
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| Give an example of a flat bone. | sternum
🗑
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| Give an example of an irregular bone. | vertebra
🗑
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| Give an example of a sesamoid bone. | patella
🗑
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||||
| Where are the sutural bones? | in between the frontal and parietal bones
🗑
|
||||
| What regions of the bone are important for growth and remodeling? | the endosteum and periosteum
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the periosteum located? | on the external surface of the bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the periosteum made of? | connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What is the periosteum continuous with? | tendons and connective tissue of joints
🗑
|
||||
| How is the periosteum embedded in bones? | through the Sharpey's fibers
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two layers of the periosteum? | the outer fibrous and the inner cellular of progenitor (stem) cells (osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts)
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the endosteum located? | on the inner surfaces of bone including the marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, and the canals of compact bone
🗑
|
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| What does the endosteum contain? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and some osteoclasts (important for bone growth)
🗑
|
||||
| What composes the connective tissue? | extracellular matrix and the cells
🗑
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| What composes the extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and the fibers
🗑
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| What does the ground substance contain? | organic and inorganic components
🗑
|
||||
| What type of fibers are found in bones? | collagen fibers
🗑
|
||||
| What types of cells are found in bones? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
🗑
|
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| What cells are important in bone remodeling? | osteoblast and osteoclasts
🗑
|
||||
| What cells build bone? | osteoblasts
🗑
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| What cells break down bone? | osteoclasts
🗑
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| What do osteogenic cells develop into? | osteoblasts
🗑
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| What do osteoblasts do? | form the bone matrix
🗑
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| What do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue
🗑
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| What do osteoclasts do? | function in resorption, or the breakdown in bone tissue
🗑
|
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| What do osteoclasts have on their inferior border? | ruffled border
🗑
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| When is bone remodeled? | continuously through life
🗑
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||||
| What is the term for the break down of bone? | bone resorption
🗑
|
||||
| What is the term for the build up of bone? | bone formation
🗑
|
||||
| What is the combination of bone resorption and formation? | turn over rate of bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the other term for osteogenic cells? | osteoprogenitor cells
🗑
|
||||
| What are osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells? | stem cells
🗑
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| What are osteogenic cells formed from? | mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
🗑
|
||||
| What is unique about osteogenic cells? | they are the only bone cells that divide
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the cycle of osteogenic cells. | They go through mitosis to become daughter osteogenic cells then go through differentiation to become osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| What do osteoblasts do? | build bone (bone formation)
🗑
|
||||
| How do osteoblasts form? | they synthesize the organic components of the matrix
🗑
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| What do osteoblasts initiate? | calcification
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| How does calcification in osteoblasts work? | takes calcium from the blood and deposits it within the matrix by exocytosis
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| What is an osteocyte? | mature bone cells
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| What are osteocytes involved in? | maintenance of bone (not remodeling)
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| What is the function of osteoclasts? | break down bone (bone resorption)
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| What do osteoclasts release to break down bone? | proteolytic enzymes and acids that degrade collagen and release minerals to blood
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| What do osteoclasts release to the blood? | minerals
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| Where are osteoclasts derived from? | myloid stem cells (not osteogenic cells)
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| What makes up the ground substance? | glycoproteins and negatively charged molecules
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| What is a glycoprotein? | sugar (glucose) and protein
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| What do negatively charged molecules in the ground substance do? | trap water
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| What makes up the organic components of bone's extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and collagen fibers
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| What are collagen fibers? | fibrous protein arranged in a helical form
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| What are the functions of collagen fibers? | very resistant to pulling forces; provide flexibility and a framework for deposition of calcium salts
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| What makes up the inorganic components of the extracellular matrix? | water and hydroxyapatite
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| How much water is in the extracellular matrix? | 25%
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| What is hydroxyapatite? | calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide (and other minerals)
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| How does the extracellular matrix form? | salts (hydroxyapatite) are deposited around the collagen fibers, and as the hydroxyapatite condenses, other inorganic salts and ions precipitate within the matrix (nature of crystals enhances deposition of inorganic ions
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| What does collagen provide to the bone? | flexibility
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| What do minerals provide to the bone? | firmness (strength)
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| What happens if you soak bone in weak acid (vinegar) | the acid removes minerals from the bone, causing the bone to become rubbery
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| What happens if you apply proteolytic enzymes (denature protein) to bone? | removes collagen from bone, causing the bone to become brittle
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| What does bone need for maximum strength and flexibility? | collagen and minerals
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| What leads to rickets? | inorganic component deficient (calcium deficiency due to lack of vitamin D since vitamin D plays a large role in regulating plasma calcium levels)
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| What leads to scurvy? | organic component deficient (problem with collagen synthesis due to vitamin C deficiency leading to brittle bones that can fracture easily)
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| What are the two types of bones? | compact and spongy
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| How is spongy bone organized? | irregular lattice of small beams called trabeculae, with osteocytes housed in lacunae
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| Where is spongy bone located? | the epiphyses of long bones, surrounding marrow cavities, and in flat, short, or irregular bones
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| What is another name for growth hormone (hGH)? | somatotropin
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