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Physiology Exam 04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the seven functions of the skeletal system? | support, protection, movement (leverage), mineral storage, energy storage, red and white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) |
| What is the term for red and white blood cell formation? | hemopoiesis |
| What does the skeletal system consist of? | connective tissue comprising the bones, cartilage and ligaments |
| What does each bone contain? | connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, connective tissue coverings |
| Is each bone an organ? | yes |
| Why is the skeletal system a system? | because it consists of bones which are each their own organs |
| What divisions make up the skeletal system? | axial and appendicular skeleton |
| What is the axial skeleton? | the central skeletal system consisting of the head, neck, ribs, and spine |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | the extended limbs of the skeletal system such as the arms, legs, and hips |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones |
| How many bones compose the face? | 14 bones |
| How many bones compose the cranium? | 8 bones |
| How many bones compose the skull? | 22 bones (facial and cranial bones) |
| How many bones make up the auditory ossicles? | 6 bones |
| How many bones compose the vertebral column? | 26 bones |
| How many bones compose the thoracic region? | 25 bones |
| How many bones compose the ribs? | 24 bones |
| How many bones compose the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones |
| How many bones compose the carpals? | 16 bones |
| How many bones compose the metacarpals? | 10 bones |
| How many bones compose the phalanges? | 28 bones |
| How many bones compose the tarsals? | 14 bones |
| How many bones compose the metatarsals? | 10 bones |
| How many bones are there in the body? | 206 bones |
| Give an example of a long bone. | humerus |
| Give an example of a short bone. | trapezoid, wrist bone |
| Give an example of a flat bone. | sternum |
| Give an example of an irregular bone. | vertebra |
| Give an example of a sesamoid bone. | patella |
| Where are the sutural bones? | in between the frontal and parietal bones |
| What regions of the bone are important for growth and remodeling? | the endosteum and periosteum |
| Where is the periosteum located? | on the external surface of the bone |
| What is the periosteum made of? | connective tissue |
| What is the periosteum continuous with? | tendons and connective tissue of joints |
| How is the periosteum embedded in bones? | through the Sharpey's fibers |
| What are the two layers of the periosteum? | the outer fibrous and the inner cellular of progenitor (stem) cells (osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts) |
| Where is the endosteum located? | on the inner surfaces of bone including the marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, and the canals of compact bone |
| What does the endosteum contain? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and some osteoclasts (important for bone growth) |
| What composes the connective tissue? | extracellular matrix and the cells |
| What composes the extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and the fibers |
| What does the ground substance contain? | organic and inorganic components |
| What type of fibers are found in bones? | collagen fibers |
| What types of cells are found in bones? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| What cells are important in bone remodeling? | osteoblast and osteoclasts |
| What cells build bone? | osteoblasts |
| What cells break down bone? | osteoclasts |
| What do osteogenic cells develop into? | osteoblasts |
| What do osteoblasts do? | form the bone matrix |
| What do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue |
| What do osteoclasts do? | function in resorption, or the breakdown in bone tissue |
| What do osteoclasts have on their inferior border? | ruffled border |
| When is bone remodeled? | continuously through life |
| What is the term for the break down of bone? | bone resorption |
| What is the term for the build up of bone? | bone formation |
| What is the combination of bone resorption and formation? | turn over rate of bone |
| What is the other term for osteogenic cells? | osteoprogenitor cells |
| What are osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells? | stem cells |
| What are osteogenic cells formed from? | mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) |
| What is unique about osteogenic cells? | they are the only bone cells that divide |
| Describe the cycle of osteogenic cells. | They go through mitosis to become daughter osteogenic cells then go through differentiation to become osteoblasts |
| What do osteoblasts do? | build bone (bone formation) |
| How do osteoblasts form? | they synthesize the organic components of the matrix |
| What do osteoblasts initiate? | calcification |
| What are the seven functions of the skeletal system? | support, protection, movement (leverage), mineral storage, energy storage, red and white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) |
| What is the term for red and white blood cell formation? | hemopoiesis |
| What does the skeletal system consist of? | connective tissue comprising the bones, cartilage and ligaments |
| What does each bone contain? | connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, connective tissue coverings |
| Is each bone an organ? | yes |
| Why is the skeletal system a system? | because it consists of bones which are each their own organs |
| What divisions make up the skeletal system? | axial and appendicular skeleton |
| What is the axial skeleton? | the central skeletal system consisting of the head, neck, ribs, and spine |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | the extended limbs of the skeletal system such as the arms, legs, and hips |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones |
| How many bones compose the face? | 14 bones |
| How many bones compose the cranium? | 8 bones |
| How many bones compose the skull? | 22 bones (facial and cranial bones) |
| How many bones make up the auditory ossicles? | 6 bones |
| How many bones compose the vertebral column? | 26 bones |
| How many bones compose the thoracic region? | 25 bones |
| How many bones compose the ribs? | 24 bones |
| How many bones compose the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones |
| How many bones compose the carpals? | 16 bones |
| How many bones compose the metacarpals? | 10 bones |
| How many bones compose the phalanges? | 28 bones |
| How many bones compose the tarsals? | 14 bones |
| How many bones compose the metatarsals? | 10 bones |
| How many bones are there in the body? | 206 bones |
| Give an example of a long bone. | humerus |
| Give an example of a short bone. | trapezoid, wrist bone |
| Give an example of a flat bone. | sternum |
| Give an example of an irregular bone. | vertebra |
| Give an example of a sesamoid bone. | patella |
| Where are the sutural bones? | in between the frontal and parietal bones |
| What regions of the bone are important for growth and remodeling? | the endosteum and periosteum |
| Where is the periosteum located? | on the external surface of the bone |
| What is the periosteum made of? | connective tissue |
| What is the periosteum continuous with? | tendons and connective tissue of joints |
| How is the periosteum embedded in bones? | through the Sharpey's fibers |
| What are the two layers of the periosteum? | the outer fibrous and the inner cellular of progenitor (stem) cells (osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts) |
| Where is the endosteum located? | on the inner surfaces of bone including the marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, and the canals of compact bone |
| What does the endosteum contain? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and some osteoclasts (important for bone growth) |
| What composes the connective tissue? | extracellular matrix and the cells |
| What composes the extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and the fibers |
| What does the ground substance contain? | organic and inorganic components |
| What type of fibers are found in bones? | collagen fibers |
| What types of cells are found in bones? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| What cells are important in bone remodeling? | osteoblast and osteoclasts |
| What cells build bone? | osteoblasts |
| What cells break down bone? | osteoclasts |
| What do osteogenic cells develop into? | osteoblasts |
| What do osteoblasts do? | form the bone matrix |
| What do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue |
| What do osteoclasts do? | function in resorption, or the breakdown in bone tissue |
| What do osteoclasts have on their inferior border? | ruffled border |
| When is bone remodeled? | continuously through life |
| What is the term for the break down of bone? | bone resorption |
| What is the term for the build up of bone? | bone formation |
| What is the combination of bone resorption and formation? | turn over rate of bone |
| What is the other term for osteogenic cells? | osteoprogenitor cells |
| What are osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells? | stem cells |
| What are osteogenic cells formed from? | mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) |
| What is unique about osteogenic cells? | they are the only bone cells that divide |
| Describe the cycle of osteogenic cells. | They go through mitosis to become daughter osteogenic cells then go through differentiation to become osteoblasts |
| What do osteoblasts do? | build bone (bone formation) |
| How do osteoblasts form? | they synthesize the organic components of the matrix |
| What do osteoblasts initiate? | calcification |
| How does calcification in osteoblasts work? | takes calcium from the blood and deposits it within the matrix by exocytosis |
| What is an osteocyte? | mature bone cells |
| What are osteocytes involved in? | maintenance of bone (not remodeling) |
| What is the function of osteoclasts? | break down bone (bone resorption) |
| What do osteoclasts release to break down bone? | proteolytic enzymes and acids that degrade collagen and release minerals to blood |
| What do osteoclasts release to the blood? | minerals |
| Where are osteoclasts derived from? | myloid stem cells (not osteogenic cells) |
| What makes up the ground substance? | glycoproteins and negatively charged molecules |
| What is a glycoprotein? | sugar (glucose) and protein |
| What do negatively charged molecules in the ground substance do? | trap water |
| What makes up the organic components of bone's extracellular matrix? | the ground substance and collagen fibers |
| What are collagen fibers? | fibrous protein arranged in a helical form |
| What are the functions of collagen fibers? | very resistant to pulling forces; provide flexibility and a framework for deposition of calcium salts |
| What makes up the inorganic components of the extracellular matrix? | water and hydroxyapatite |
| How much water is in the extracellular matrix? | 25% |
| What is hydroxyapatite? | calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide (and other minerals) |
| How does the extracellular matrix form? | salts (hydroxyapatite) are deposited around the collagen fibers, and as the hydroxyapatite condenses, other inorganic salts and ions precipitate within the matrix (nature of crystals enhances deposition of inorganic ions |
| What does collagen provide to the bone? | flexibility |
| What do minerals provide to the bone? | firmness (strength) |
| What happens if you soak bone in weak acid (vinegar) | the acid removes minerals from the bone, causing the bone to become rubbery |
| What happens if you apply proteolytic enzymes (denature protein) to bone? | removes collagen from bone, causing the bone to become brittle |
| What does bone need for maximum strength and flexibility? | collagen and minerals |
| What leads to rickets? | inorganic component deficient (calcium deficiency due to lack of vitamin D since vitamin D plays a large role in regulating plasma calcium levels) |
| What leads to scurvy? | organic component deficient (problem with collagen synthesis due to vitamin C deficiency leading to brittle bones that can fracture easily) |
| What are the two types of bones? | compact and spongy |
| How is spongy bone organized? | irregular lattice of small beams called trabeculae, with osteocytes housed in lacunae |
| Where is spongy bone located? | the epiphyses of long bones, surrounding marrow cavities, and in flat, short, or irregular bones |
| What is another name for growth hormone (hGH)? | somatotropin |
Created by:
sillandr
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