uhhh...CSD Quiz 2?
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| English Alphabet | -has 26 letters but 40 sounds(t,h has 4 sounds(tap,hit,thing,this))
-a has 3 sounds(wait,father,bat)
-one letter can correspond w/ multiple sounds
-2 or 3 letters can represent a single sound
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| English Alphabet 2 | -same sound can be represented many different ways(six,miss,scene,circle,psalm, listen quartz)
-# of letters vs. # of sounds
chew=3 sounds
Silent sounds(gh in weight)
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| Purpose of IPA | Unique symbol for each sound eliminates confusion of the english alphabet(contained within //)
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| Articulation | Shaping of speech sounds by lips, tongue, and other articulators
motor coordination to actually say sounds, words, and sentences
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| Phonology | -
-making distinctions between phonemes
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| Phoneme | speech sound, smallest unit of sound that has meaning(mat vs. bat)
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| Allophones | variations of a phoneme(do not affect meaning)(kit and skill)
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| Vowels | always voiced, open vocal tract-little constriction
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| 4 features that change sound | tongue height, tongue frontness,lip roundness,tension
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| Vowel process | velum raised,tongue alters shape of oral cavity, vocal folds vibrate
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| Diphthongs | combo of vowels,, produced by continuous change in vocal tract shape
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| Glottel | produced by letting air pass through vocal folds, abrupt closure of folds
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| Manner of articulation | stops,fricatives,affricates,glides,liquids,nasals
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| Consonants | produced by constricting the vocal tract
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| Classification of consonants | voicing,place,manner
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| Voicing | presence or absence of vocal fold vibrations
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| Place | location of the constriction
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| Manner | degree or type of constriction
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| Bilabial(place) | two lips, /b/, /m/, /p/
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| Labiodental(place) | lips and teeth, /v/,/f/
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| Interdental(place) | tongue and teeth, between teeth("th")
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| Alveolar(place) | tip of tongue and alveolar ridge(/t/,/d/,/n/,/s/,/z/,/l/
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| Palatal(place) | blade of tongue and hard palate("sh", "ch", "j", "y")
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| Velar(place) | dorsum of tongue and soft palate, /k/,/g/,"ng"
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| Voiced phonemes | sound source is vocal fold vibration(/z/,/b/,/v/)
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| Voiceless phonemes | no vocal fold vibration, sound source is noise,(/s/,/p/,/f/)
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| Which sounds are acquired first? Vowels or consonants? | Vowels
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| Which consonants develop early? | stops, nasals, & glides
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| Which consonants develop later? | fricatives,affricates, and liquids
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| Stops | close off airflow,build up air pressure in oral cavity,release(p,b,t,k)
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| Fricatives | hissing sounds,air forced through small space in oral cavity(s,f,z,v)
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| Affricates | air is stopped,then forced through narrow passage(ch
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| Glides | gradually change shape of articulators from consonant to vowel("w","y")
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| Glides | aka "semi-vowels" least amount of restriction(most vowel-like)
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| Liquids | air is released on both sides of tongue(held at midline)
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| Nasal | w/ velopharyngeal port open, resonance in the nose(n,m,ng)velum lowered
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| Articulation Disorder | inability to produce speech sounds effectively(1or2sounds)
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| Types of articulation errors | omission,substitution,distortion,addition
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| omission | target sound is absent, book-->boo
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| substitution | wrong sound is substituted for target sound rain-->wain
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| distortion | imprecise production,"th" or "s"-->air escapes from sides of tongue
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| addition | a sound that does not belong is added to word(fairly unusual)soup>soups
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| Phonological disorder | involve more than errors with just a single phoneme
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| systematic patterns of errors | stopping of fricatives(s>t, z>d AND sh>t)
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| final consonant deletion | deleting many different final sounds(hat>ha;bus>bu)
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| phonological disorder | immature phonological system,deeper than articulation prob
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| phonological disorder2 | difficulty developing mental representations of phonemes
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| phonological disorder3 | difficulty developing boundaries around phonemes(t&d)
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| phonological processes | patterns of speech sound subs or omissions(systematic)
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| Many phonological process are... | typical part of early speech sound development
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| In typical development, | many processes disappear by age 3 and most by age 6
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| When assessing... | need multiple examples to determine phono process(pattern)
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| Stopping | stops are substituted for fricatives(very>berry,say>tay,that>dat)
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| Fronting | back sounds are produced as frontal sounds(go>doe, key>tee)
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| Consonant deletion | consonants are deleted,coat>coe, read>ree, bike>bi(final)
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| syllable deletion | weak(unstressed)syllables are deleted(banana>nana,brella)
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| Cluster reduction | omission of one or more consonants in a cluster(blue>boo)
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| Causes of disorders | hearing loss,mei,mr,language,reading problems, family hist.
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| functional cause of disorder | no known cause
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| Developmental speech impairments may diminish | over time, w/ treatment
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| By age 2, children are typically 50% intelligible | age 3, 75% intelligible
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| persistent frustration and unintelligibility is a | warning sign of problem
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| Organic(known cause)of disorder | hearing loss(may be functional or organic)
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| hearing loss | tend to have voicing confusion,difficulty w/ frics and vowels
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| tongue tie | short lingual frenulum
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| severe dental malocclusions | overbite, underbite
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| Other organic disorders | tongue thrust,dysarthria
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| tongue thrust | abnormal swallow where tongue pushes forward
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| dysarthria | paralysis, weakness or incoordination of the speech muscles
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| prognosis | likelihood of improvement w/,w/o therapy
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| Indicators of prognosis | consistency of errors,stimulability,error sound discrimination
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| 4 major systems for speech | resp,resonatory,phonatory,articulatory
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| speech motor control requires | motor planning,motor program,speech motor control
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| motor planning | what do i need to do?
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| motor programming | how will i do it?
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| speech motor-control | activating muscle movements
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| Motor execution | mental representations of movements to be performed
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| Schemas become stronger | after many experiences over time
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| stored schemas | generate instructions to the muscles necessary for speech
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| damaged schemas | result in imprecise speech, reduced intelligibility
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| schemas may be intact but | neuromuscular impairments impede execution
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| Motor speech disorder | impairment in speech cause by defects in nms,mcs or both
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| Underlying systems are involved w/ | motor planning,programming,execution
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| results in difficulty producing | fluent, intelligible, rapid speech
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| MSD Impairment in the | planning,coordinations,timed execution of speech movement
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| MSD caused by | congenital diseases,nervous system damage, degenerative,acquired
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| MSD breakdowns can occur at | planning(muscles paralysis, muscle weakness, tremors
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| MSD breakdowns can occur at planning,motorspeech,programming(systemcoordination) |
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| 2 types of MSD | dysarthria, apraxia(planning)
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| dysarthria | impairment of execution of speech,results from underlying muscle prob
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| apraxia | voluntary movement impaired w/o muscle impairment(can't cough,swallow)
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| Underlying muscular disturbances(dysarthria) | muscle tone,strength,speed,accuracy
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| respiration in dysarthria | not enough breath supply
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| phonation in dysarthria | high/low pitch,voice is weak,breathy, variable volume
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| Resonance in dysarthria | hypernasality
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| articulation in dysarthria | omissions/distortions,imprecise consonants,vowels
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| prosody in dysarthria | slow/fast rate,short rushes of speech,stress variations
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| types of dysartria | flaccid,spastic,ataxic,hypokinetic,hyperkinetic,mixed
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| Lower motor neurons | tracts originate in brain stem/spinal cord &connect w/muscle
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| LMN in flaccid paralysis | muscles are soft and flabby; lack tone
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| Flaccid dysarthria lesion in | LMN or muscle itself
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| flaccid dys. characterized by | muscle weakness,low muscle tone(hypotonia)
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| flaccid char. | red.breathsup.,breathy voice,monopith,hypernasal,inacc artic.
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| Spastic dysarthria | (hypotonal)muscles are too rigid and have too much tone
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| Upper motor neurons(UMN) | neuronal tracts in motor cortex,connect2b.stem and s.c
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| Spastic dysarthria legion in:UMN |
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| Char. of Spastic | slow w/ jerky,imprecise artic.,strained/strangled voice quality
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| Most common cause of spastic | stroke(effects can be temp/permanent)pseudobulbar
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| Ataxic dys. lesion in | cerebellum(fast-paced)
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| Ataxic char | weak muscle,difficulty w/ muscle coordination
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| ataxic speech | hoarse/breathy,irregular rhythm,breakdowns in artic precision
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| causes of ataxic | degenerative diseases,stroke and TBI
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| hypokinetic dysarthria lesion in | basal ganglia
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| hypokinetic char. | lack approp.movement,rigid musc.(hypotonia),static tremors
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| hypo speech | red.breath supp.,red.loud,red.artic,limit.rangeofmotion,burstofspeec
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| hypokinetic associated w/ | parkinsons disease(loud bursts of speech w/ pauses)
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| Hyperkinetic lesion in | extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia
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| characterized by | uncont.movements,twisting,writhing,inc.movement,tremors
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| speech characteristics | irreg.breathing,volume,quality,pitch changes,rapid bursts
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| hyperkinetic dysarthria associated w/ | huntington's chorea(breakdowns in artic)
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| Mixed dys. | -combo of lesion locations, several systems
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| mixed dys associated w/ | ALS
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| ALS | lesion in umn and lmn, progressive and degenerative neuro-muscular disease
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