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CSD Quiz 2
uhhh...CSD Quiz 2?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| English Alphabet | -has 26 letters but 40 sounds(t,h has 4 sounds(tap,hit,thing,this)) -a has 3 sounds(wait,father,bat) -one letter can correspond w/ multiple sounds -2 or 3 letters can represent a single sound |
| English Alphabet 2 | -same sound can be represented many different ways(six,miss,scene,circle,psalm, listen quartz) -# of letters vs. # of sounds chew=3 sounds Silent sounds(gh in weight) |
| Purpose of IPA | Unique symbol for each sound eliminates confusion of the english alphabet(contained within //) |
| Articulation | Shaping of speech sounds by lips, tongue, and other articulators motor coordination to actually say sounds, words, and sentences |
| Phonology | - -making distinctions between phonemes |
| Phoneme | speech sound, smallest unit of sound that has meaning(mat vs. bat) |
| Allophones | variations of a phoneme(do not affect meaning)(kit and skill) |
| Vowels | always voiced, open vocal tract-little constriction |
| 4 features that change sound | tongue height, tongue frontness,lip roundness,tension |
| Vowel process | velum raised,tongue alters shape of oral cavity, vocal folds vibrate |
| Diphthongs | combo of vowels,, produced by continuous change in vocal tract shape |
| Glottel | produced by letting air pass through vocal folds, abrupt closure of folds |
| Manner of articulation | stops,fricatives,affricates,glides,liquids,nasals |
| Consonants | produced by constricting the vocal tract |
| Classification of consonants | voicing,place,manner |
| Voicing | presence or absence of vocal fold vibrations |
| Place | location of the constriction |
| Manner | degree or type of constriction |
| Bilabial(place) | two lips, /b/, /m/, /p/ |
| Labiodental(place) | lips and teeth, /v/,/f/ |
| Interdental(place) | tongue and teeth, between teeth("th") |
| Alveolar(place) | tip of tongue and alveolar ridge(/t/,/d/,/n/,/s/,/z/,/l/ |
| Palatal(place) | blade of tongue and hard palate("sh", "ch", "j", "y") |
| Velar(place) | dorsum of tongue and soft palate, /k/,/g/,"ng" |
| Voiced phonemes | sound source is vocal fold vibration(/z/,/b/,/v/) |
| Voiceless phonemes | no vocal fold vibration, sound source is noise,(/s/,/p/,/f/) |
| Which sounds are acquired first? Vowels or consonants? | Vowels |
| Which consonants develop early? | stops, nasals, & glides |
| Which consonants develop later? | fricatives,affricates, and liquids |
| Stops | close off airflow,build up air pressure in oral cavity,release(p,b,t,k) |
| Fricatives | hissing sounds,air forced through small space in oral cavity(s,f,z,v) |
| Affricates | air is stopped,then forced through narrow passage(ch |
| Glides | gradually change shape of articulators from consonant to vowel("w","y") |
| Glides | aka "semi-vowels" least amount of restriction(most vowel-like) |
| Liquids | air is released on both sides of tongue(held at midline) |
| Nasal | w/ velopharyngeal port open, resonance in the nose(n,m,ng)velum lowered |
| Articulation Disorder | inability to produce speech sounds effectively(1or2sounds) |
| Types of articulation errors | omission,substitution,distortion,addition |
| omission | target sound is absent, book-->boo |
| substitution | wrong sound is substituted for target sound rain-->wain |
| distortion | imprecise production,"th" or "s"-->air escapes from sides of tongue |
| addition | a sound that does not belong is added to word(fairly unusual)soup>soups |
| Phonological disorder | involve more than errors with just a single phoneme |
| systematic patterns of errors | stopping of fricatives(s>t, z>d AND sh>t) |
| final consonant deletion | deleting many different final sounds(hat>ha;bus>bu) |
| phonological disorder | immature phonological system,deeper than articulation prob |
| phonological disorder2 | difficulty developing mental representations of phonemes |
| phonological disorder3 | difficulty developing boundaries around phonemes(t&d) |
| phonological processes | patterns of speech sound subs or omissions(systematic) |
| Many phonological process are... | typical part of early speech sound development |
| In typical development, | many processes disappear by age 3 and most by age 6 |
| When assessing... | need multiple examples to determine phono process(pattern) |
| Stopping | stops are substituted for fricatives(very>berry,say>tay,that>dat) |
| Fronting | back sounds are produced as frontal sounds(go>doe, key>tee) |
| Consonant deletion | consonants are deleted,coat>coe, read>ree, bike>bi(final) |
| syllable deletion | weak(unstressed)syllables are deleted(banana>nana,brella) |
| Cluster reduction | omission of one or more consonants in a cluster(blue>boo) |
| Causes of disorders | hearing loss,mei,mr,language,reading problems, family hist. |
| functional cause of disorder | no known cause |
| Developmental speech impairments may diminish | over time, w/ treatment |
| By age 2, children are typically 50% intelligible | age 3, 75% intelligible |
| persistent frustration and unintelligibility is a | warning sign of problem |
| Organic(known cause)of disorder | hearing loss(may be functional or organic) |
| hearing loss | tend to have voicing confusion,difficulty w/ frics and vowels |
| tongue tie | short lingual frenulum |
| severe dental malocclusions | overbite, underbite |
| Other organic disorders | tongue thrust,dysarthria |
| tongue thrust | abnormal swallow where tongue pushes forward |
| dysarthria | paralysis, weakness or incoordination of the speech muscles |
| prognosis | likelihood of improvement w/,w/o therapy |
| Indicators of prognosis | consistency of errors,stimulability,error sound discrimination |
| 4 major systems for speech | resp,resonatory,phonatory,articulatory |
| speech motor control requires | motor planning,motor program,speech motor control |
| motor planning | what do i need to do? |
| motor programming | how will i do it? |
| speech motor-control | activating muscle movements |
| Motor execution | mental representations of movements to be performed |
| Schemas become stronger | after many experiences over time |
| stored schemas | generate instructions to the muscles necessary for speech |
| damaged schemas | result in imprecise speech, reduced intelligibility |
| schemas may be intact but | neuromuscular impairments impede execution |
| Motor speech disorder | impairment in speech cause by defects in nms,mcs or both |
| Underlying systems are involved w/ | motor planning,programming,execution |
| results in difficulty producing | fluent, intelligible, rapid speech |
| MSD Impairment in the | planning,coordinations,timed execution of speech movement |
| MSD caused by | congenital diseases,nervous system damage, degenerative,acquired |
| MSD breakdowns can occur at | planning(muscles paralysis, muscle weakness, tremors |
| MSD breakdowns can occur at planning,motorspeech,programming(systemcoordination) | |
| 2 types of MSD | dysarthria, apraxia(planning) |
| dysarthria | impairment of execution of speech,results from underlying muscle prob |
| apraxia | voluntary movement impaired w/o muscle impairment(can't cough,swallow) |
| Underlying muscular disturbances(dysarthria) | muscle tone,strength,speed,accuracy |
| respiration in dysarthria | not enough breath supply |
| phonation in dysarthria | high/low pitch,voice is weak,breathy, variable volume |
| Resonance in dysarthria | hypernasality |
| articulation in dysarthria | omissions/distortions,imprecise consonants,vowels |
| prosody in dysarthria | slow/fast rate,short rushes of speech,stress variations |
| types of dysartria | flaccid,spastic,ataxic,hypokinetic,hyperkinetic,mixed |
| Lower motor neurons | tracts originate in brain stem/spinal cord &connect w/muscle |
| LMN in flaccid paralysis | muscles are soft and flabby; lack tone |
| Flaccid dysarthria lesion in | LMN or muscle itself |
| flaccid dys. characterized by | muscle weakness,low muscle tone(hypotonia) |
| flaccid char. | red.breathsup.,breathy voice,monopith,hypernasal,inacc artic. |
| Spastic dysarthria | (hypotonal)muscles are too rigid and have too much tone |
| Upper motor neurons(UMN) | neuronal tracts in motor cortex,connect2b.stem and s.c |
| Spastic dysarthria legion in:UMN | |
| Char. of Spastic | slow w/ jerky,imprecise artic.,strained/strangled voice quality |
| Most common cause of spastic | stroke(effects can be temp/permanent)pseudobulbar |
| Ataxic dys. lesion in | cerebellum(fast-paced) |
| Ataxic char | weak muscle,difficulty w/ muscle coordination |
| ataxic speech | hoarse/breathy,irregular rhythm,breakdowns in artic precision |
| causes of ataxic | degenerative diseases,stroke and TBI |
| hypokinetic dysarthria lesion in | basal ganglia |
| hypokinetic char. | lack approp.movement,rigid musc.(hypotonia),static tremors |
| hypo speech | red.breath supp.,red.loud,red.artic,limit.rangeofmotion,burstofspeec |
| hypokinetic associated w/ | parkinsons disease(loud bursts of speech w/ pauses) |
| Hyperkinetic lesion in | extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia |
| characterized by | uncont.movements,twisting,writhing,inc.movement,tremors |
| speech characteristics | irreg.breathing,volume,quality,pitch changes,rapid bursts |
| hyperkinetic dysarthria associated w/ | huntington's chorea(breakdowns in artic) |
| Mixed dys. | -combo of lesion locations, several systems |
| mixed dys associated w/ | ALS |
| ALS | lesion in umn and lmn, progressive and degenerative neuro-muscular disease |
Created by:
JStiadle
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