Carbohydrates
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| What are Carbohydrates major role? | Energy storage/regeneration
structural material
and molecular recognition/communications
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| What makes up Carbs | Cx(H2O)y
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| What are properties of Carbs? | -size base of carbon chain
- location of CO group
- number of sugar units
- stereochemistry of compound
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| How can we describe carbs? | 3= trios
4= tetrose
5= pentose
6= hexose (most commonn)
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| Define Aldose | Aldehyde functional group
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| Define Ketose | Ketone functional group
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| 2 representations of structure | 1. Fisher projection
2. Haworth projection
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| Define Steroisomers | Central carbons and how the align
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| 2 possible arrangements of steroisomers | 1. L = Left (HO)
2. D = Right (OH) (most common)
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| Define Monosaccharide | simple sugar = can't be further hydrolized
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| Define Disaccharide | Compound of 2 monosaccharides
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| Define Oligosaccharide | Two to Ten
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| Define Polysaccharide | Large numbers of monosaccharides
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| Two main chemical properties of carbs | 1. Reducing substances
2. Formation of glycosidaicbonds
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| When making bonds | when bonded it is no longer a reducing substance
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| Define absorption | 1. Intestinal mucosa
2. Liver
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| Define Galactose | Final phase of glucose
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| Define Glycogen | Storage form of glucose (forms skeletal muscles)
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| Define Glycolysis | the process by which glycogen or glucose is converted to G6P for entry into the glycolytic pathway to generate energy
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| Define Glycogenesis | the process by which glucose is stated as glycogen if all glucose requirements are met.
This is accomplished in the liver and muscles.
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| Define Glyconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate source(fats and proteins)
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| Define Lipogenesis | Conversion of fats to glucose for energy
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| Define Lipolysis | Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
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| 2 Pathways of Glycolysis | 1. Emben-Myerhof Pathway
2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
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| 2 Primary regulators | 1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
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| What is the normal fasting glucose | 70-105 mg/dL
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| Define Insulin | Responsible for entry of glucose into the cell by making the cell wall more permeable to glucose.
Secreted by Beta Cells and reduces plasma glucose
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| Define Glucagon | Increases glucose levels in blood. Secreted by Alpha cells and stimulates glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis
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| Name Secondary Hormones of Carb Metabolism | - Epinephrine
- Glucocorticoids
- ACTH and Growth Hormone
- Thyroxine
- Somatosatin
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| Define Epinephrine | Produced by Adrenal Medulla.
Inhibits insulin secretion.
Increases plasma glucose.
Increases glycogenlysis.
Promotes lipolysis.
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| Define Glucocoricoids | - Corisol
- Released by adrenal cortex
- increases plasma glucose
- decreases intestinal entry into cell
- increases glyconeogenesis,liver glycogen and lypolysis
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| Define ACTH and Growth Hormone | - Released from anterior pituitary
- increases plasma glucose
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| Define Thyroxine | - Produced in Thyroid Gland
- Increases plasma glucose levels
- Increases glycogenolysis and absorption of glucose.
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| Define Somatostatin | -produced in delta cells
- increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin
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| Define Hyperglycemia | -Increases Plasma glucose levels
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| Define Diabetes Mellitus | A group of chronic, heterogenous group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
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| Types of Diabetes Mellitus | Type 1 - Insulin Dependent
Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent
Gestational - During pregnancy
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| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | -Destruction of B-cells
-Children and adolescents
-Abrupt onset
-Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
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| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | -Insulin Resistance
-Obese people
-Generally Milder
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| Gestational Diabetes | -During Pregnancy
-Screening for High risk mothers
-*see Big Babies
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| Pathophysiology of Diabetes | -Hyperglycemia
-Glucosuria
-Ketoacidosis (Type 1)
-Hyperinsulinemia (Type 2)
-Nonketotic hyperosmolar state(Type 2)
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| Diagnosis of Diabetes | Testing is performed based on high risk criteria
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| Define Hypoglycemia | -Decreased plasma glucose levels
-very sensitive
-glucose levels of 50-55 mg/dL or lower manifest symptoms
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Created by:
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