MACC Non picture cell and crystal information
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| What volume of urine should be concentrated to study the cells | Always the same amount for a lab. Usually 10 or 12 ml.
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| What concentration of urine is used for the microscopic examination of urine | Usually a 1:10 or 1:12 concentration
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| What stain is usually used to examine the cellular elements of the urine | Stemheimer-Malbin supravital stain
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| What is a smooth biconcave disk that is approx 7 microns in diameter and 2 microng thick. It contains no nuclei | Red Blood Cell
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| What chemical can be added to a urine to destroy red cells, but will leave other elements intact | Dilute Acetic Acid
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| Is it abnormal to see 1-2 red blood cells per high powered field | NO
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| What is Hematuria? | Presence of an abnormal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the urine
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| Normal urine can contain up to how many WBC's cells? | 8 per HPF
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| What WBC is usually seen in urine? | Neurophils
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| What is pyuria? | An increased number of WBCs in the urine
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| What type of urine will destroy (lyse) cells the fastest? | dilute or hypotonic and alkaline
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| What do WBCs in a urine indicate? | Infection
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| What does WBC casts indicate? | Kidney infection
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| What is cystitis? | Bladder infection
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| What is an Epithelial Cell? | Lining cells from any site in the genitourinary tract
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| What epithelial cells are slightly larger than a leukocyte and contain a large round nucleus. This nucleus is usually off center. | Renal Tubular Cells
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| What epithelial cells are two to four times as large as a white cell. The nucleus is usually centered and can even contain two nucleus. The membrane of these cells allows water to enter, so they can look swollen in hypotonic urine | Transitional Epithelial Cells
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| What epithelial cells are large, flat and irregularly shaped. They are often present due to contamination of vaginal fluid | Squamous Epithelial Cells
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| What normal crystals are present in an acidic urine? | Uric acid, amorphous urates, and calcium oxalates
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| What normal crystals are present in an alkaline urine? | Calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates, triple phosphates, ammonium biurates andcalcium carbonates
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| What abnormal crystals are present in an acidic urine? | Cystine, Cholesterol, Leucine, Tyrosine, Bilirubin, Sulfonamides, Radiographic dyes and Ampicillin
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| What is uric acid's most characteristic forms? | diamond or rhombic prism (football) or a rosette
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| What crystal is a colorless octahedran or "envelope"? | Calcium oxalate
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| What crystal will form a pink precipitate that will dissolve when warmed? | Amorphous urates
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| What crystal forms colorless, refractile, hexagonal plates? | Cystine
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| What crystal is an oily, high retractile, yellow or brown spheroids with a radial and concentric striation? | Luecine
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| What Crystals are very fine, highly retractile needles occurring in sheaves or clusters? | Tyrosine
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| What crystals are large, flat and transparent plates with notched corners? | Cholesterol
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| Where are casts formed? | In the lumen of the tubules of the kidneys
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| What makes up the matrix of a cast? | Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein or uromodulin
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| What substance can usually be found in an urine when casts are present? | Protein
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| What element in urine has parallel sided and rounded or blunted ends? They can vary in length. | Casts
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| What normal casts are mostly gelled Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) but may contain a few inclusion? | Hyaline casts
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| What casts indicate renal hematuria? | Red blood cell casts
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| What casts are present in renal infection and in noninfectious inflammations? | White blood cell casts
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| What cast is thought to be from the degeneration of cellular casts? | Granular casts
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| What do granular casts indicate? | Renal disease or can be present after strenuous exercise
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| What casts are usually short with blunt or broken ends and have cracked or serrated edges? They have a high refractive index and a smooth homogeneous appearance. | Waxy Casts
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| What casts have incorporated either free fat droplets or oval fat bodies in them? | Fatty Casts
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| What is an oval fat body? | A renal tubular cell or macrophage filled with lipids
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| What does an oval fat body or a cholesterol crystal exhibit under polarized light? | Maltese cross
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| What stain is used to identify fats in urine? | Sudan III or Oil Red O
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| What protozoan flagellates can be seen in urine as a contaminate and is a sexually transmitted disease? | Trichomonas Vaginalis
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| What is a ovoid colorless cell that closely resembles RBCs but is smaller and budding? | Yeast
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