Neuroscience for Speech and Hearing, test 1
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| Camille Golgi | proposed the "Reticular Theory"; the nervous system is a big, connected meshwork rather than discrete cells
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| Santiago Cajal | proposed "Neuron Doctrine"; the nervous system is circuitry made up of discrete neuron that communicate by contact.
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| CNS | brain and spinal cord
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| Parts of the Brain | Cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum
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| Cerebrum | made up of 2 parts, which each contain: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and diencephalon
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| Cerebral Cortex | controls memory, thinking, language and attention
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| Basal Ganglia | regulates motor activity
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| Diencephalon | made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus
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| Thalamus | sensory relay station
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| Hypothalamus | controls various metabolic activities
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| Parts of the Brainstem | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
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| Cerebellum | Regulation of skilled movements
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| Spinal Cord | controls reflexes and is made up of fibers that go to and from the brain
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| PNS | connects the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral structures of the body
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| Sensory/afferent fibers | carry information from the sense organs to the CNS
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| Motor/efferent fibers | carry information to muscles and glands
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| Astrocytes | CNS glial cell that provides structural support, contributes to blood-brain barrier, involved in neuortransmitter reuptake
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| Astrocytes | important for recovery after injury, travel to lesions to repair damaged tissue
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| Microglia | CNS glial cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris
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| Oligodendroglia | CNS glial cell that forms and maintain myelin sheath around axons
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| Ependymal Cells | CNS glial cell that forms lining around the inner surface of the ventricles
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| Schwann Cells | forms and maintain the myelin sheath in the PNS
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| Satellite Cells | provide structural support in the PNS
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| Bilipid Layer | double layer of fat molecules that allows for the cell to have a semipermeable membrane
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| proteins | creat the ion channel
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| cytosol | aka Intracellular Fluid; liquid component of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles
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| Soma | the body of the cell where cytosol, cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus are found
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| Mitochondria | organelle in the soma, the cell's "powerhouse"
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| Ribosomes | imporant organelle for protein systhesis
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| Lysosomes | enzymes that participate in recycling waste in the cell
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| Golgi Apparatus | produces lysosomes, packages protein molecules for transport
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| Nucleus | contains DNA and includes the nucleolus that houses RNA
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| Dendrites | afferent, receptive. transmit info to cell body from other cells
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| Axons | efferent structures that transmit information away from the cell body to other neurons
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| Axon Hillock | cone shaped region where the azon originates
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| Axon terminals | contain different nerotransmiter which are released
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| myelin | multilayered lipid material, insulates and protects the nerve fiber, increases the speed of the action potential
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| Saltatory conduction | message jumps from one node to next over the Node of Ranvier
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| Multiple Sclerosis | degeration of the myelin affecting the rate of nerve impulse transmission
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| Presynatic Terminal | contains packets of NTs that mediate communication between celss
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| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic cell
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| Postsynaptic cell | Contains receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules
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| Nucleus | mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain
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| tract | CNS term for a bundle of axons with a common point of origin and termination
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| Fasciculus | CNS term for a bundle of tracts
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| Ganglion | PNS term for a collection of neurons
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| Nerve | PNS term for a bunlde of axons with a common point of origin and termination
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| Resting state | the neuron is inaxtive and polarized, more negative inside teh cell/ more positive outside
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| Rising phase/ Depolarization | ion channels open and Na+ rushes in, causing the cell to become more positive
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| Falling Phase/ Repolarization | K+ rushes out of the cell, beginning to restore balance
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| Undershoot/ Hyperpolarization | slightly more K+ on the outside than inside, making the cell more negatively charged and less excitable
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| Sodium-Potassium Pump | to prevent equilibrium, Na+ is actively pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped in
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| IPSP | Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential. Decreases the chance that an AP will occur
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| EPSP | Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential. Increases thechance that an AP will occur
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| Absolute Refractory Period | Period of time where an action potential has just fired and the cell cannot produce another one yet
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| Relative Refractory Period | follows the absolute refreactory period where the cell's ability to fire is suppressed but could if there is an extra strong stimulus
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| Steps to synaptic transmission | depolarization of terminal bouton (open Ca+ channels), influx of Ca+ signals synaptic vesicles to release NT into cleft, NT binds to receptor sites, astrocytes facilitat NT re-uptake via endocytosis
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| Acetylcholine | Primary excitatory NT for PNS, controls voluntary muscle movements and some involuntary
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| Dopamine | modylates limbic and prefrontal functions, regulates basal ganlia motor functions
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| Myasthenia gravis | condition in which impulse transmission is impaired due to a loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
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| Alzheimer's Disease | characterized by deficient production of acetylcholine, memory loss, personality change and dementia
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| Dopamine | usually acts as an inhibitor, modulate limbic and prefrontal functions, regulates basal ganglia motor functions
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| schizophrenia | excessive dopamine activity in the forebrain
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| Parkinson disease | degeneration pf substantia nigra reduces production and transmission of dopamine associated with degenerative condition characterized by resting tremor, reduced movement, dysarthria and stooped posture
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| Norepinephrine | PNS NT that induces fight or flight response, CNS NT in pons and medulla regulate sleep, attention and mood
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| depression | is treated using norepinephrine enhancing drugs
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| Serotonin | regulates arousal, emotion and pain perception
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| Severe Depression | associated with low serotonin
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| GABA | major inhibitory NT in CNS. Regulates pain perception and inhibits basal ganglia movements
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| Huntington's | a degenerative disease characterized by involuntary movements due to the loss of GABA producing neurons in the caudate and putamen
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| agents that interact with GABA receptors are prescribed for | epilepsy, anxiety and insomnia
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| Glutamate | main excitatory NT in CNS, mediates fast synaptic transmission, too much causes excitotoxicity and excessive Ca influx
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| Stroke or Degenrative disorders | secondary result may be brain damage due to he excessive release or insufficient reuptake of glutamate
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| Neoplasm | refers to uncontrolled growth of body tissue and glia
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| Primary tumors | arise from glia or meninges within the CNS
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| Metastatic tumors | arise elsewhre in the body and spread to the brain
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| Malignant tumors | are rapidly invasive and fatal, often multifocal and undifferentiated from surrounding tissue making them difficult to remove
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| Astrocytomas | malignant tumors that arise from astrocytes, spread very rapidly
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| Glioblastoma mutiform | the most malignat type of astrocytoma, patients die within 18 months
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| Ependymoma | malignant tumor that arise from the ependymal cells that line the ventricle, obstructs ventricular function and the production of CSF
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| Oligodendroglioma | malignant frontal lobe tumor that arise from oligodendroglia; first symptom is ususally seizure
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| Benign tumors | are noninvasive; their cells are differentiable from the surrounding cells, they grow slowly and do not infiltrate
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| Meningiomas | benign tumor that arise from meninges; lead to increased intracranial pressure because they often affect the falx cerebri
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| Andenonmas of the pituitary glands | cause hormonal dysfunctions and produce visual symptoms by compression of the optic chiasm
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| Acoustic Neuromas | benign tumor on the auditory nerve; causes auditory impairments
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| Vestibular Schwannomas | benign tumors that arise from the nerve sheath and cause balance problems
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