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Neural Bases- Part 1
Neuroscience for Speech and Hearing, test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Camille Golgi | proposed the "Reticular Theory"; the nervous system is a big, connected meshwork rather than discrete cells |
| Santiago Cajal | proposed "Neuron Doctrine"; the nervous system is circuitry made up of discrete neuron that communicate by contact. |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| Parts of the Brain | Cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum |
| Cerebrum | made up of 2 parts, which each contain: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and diencephalon |
| Cerebral Cortex | controls memory, thinking, language and attention |
| Basal Ganglia | regulates motor activity |
| Diencephalon | made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | sensory relay station |
| Hypothalamus | controls various metabolic activities |
| Parts of the Brainstem | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla |
| Cerebellum | Regulation of skilled movements |
| Spinal Cord | controls reflexes and is made up of fibers that go to and from the brain |
| PNS | connects the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral structures of the body |
| Sensory/afferent fibers | carry information from the sense organs to the CNS |
| Motor/efferent fibers | carry information to muscles and glands |
| Astrocytes | CNS glial cell that provides structural support, contributes to blood-brain barrier, involved in neuortransmitter reuptake |
| Astrocytes | important for recovery after injury, travel to lesions to repair damaged tissue |
| Microglia | CNS glial cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris |
| Oligodendroglia | CNS glial cell that forms and maintain myelin sheath around axons |
| Ependymal Cells | CNS glial cell that forms lining around the inner surface of the ventricles |
| Schwann Cells | forms and maintain the myelin sheath in the PNS |
| Satellite Cells | provide structural support in the PNS |
| Bilipid Layer | double layer of fat molecules that allows for the cell to have a semipermeable membrane |
| proteins | creat the ion channel |
| cytosol | aka Intracellular Fluid; liquid component of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles |
| Soma | the body of the cell where cytosol, cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus are found |
| Mitochondria | organelle in the soma, the cell's "powerhouse" |
| Ribosomes | imporant organelle for protein systhesis |
| Lysosomes | enzymes that participate in recycling waste in the cell |
| Golgi Apparatus | produces lysosomes, packages protein molecules for transport |
| Nucleus | contains DNA and includes the nucleolus that houses RNA |
| Dendrites | afferent, receptive. transmit info to cell body from other cells |
| Axons | efferent structures that transmit information away from the cell body to other neurons |
| Axon Hillock | cone shaped region where the azon originates |
| Axon terminals | contain different nerotransmiter which are released |
| myelin | multilayered lipid material, insulates and protects the nerve fiber, increases the speed of the action potential |
| Saltatory conduction | message jumps from one node to next over the Node of Ranvier |
| Multiple Sclerosis | degeration of the myelin affecting the rate of nerve impulse transmission |
| Presynatic Terminal | contains packets of NTs that mediate communication between celss |
| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic cell |
| Postsynaptic cell | Contains receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules |
| Nucleus | mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain |
| tract | CNS term for a bundle of axons with a common point of origin and termination |
| Fasciculus | CNS term for a bundle of tracts |
| Ganglion | PNS term for a collection of neurons |
| Nerve | PNS term for a bunlde of axons with a common point of origin and termination |
| Resting state | the neuron is inaxtive and polarized, more negative inside teh cell/ more positive outside |
| Rising phase/ Depolarization | ion channels open and Na+ rushes in, causing the cell to become more positive |
| Falling Phase/ Repolarization | K+ rushes out of the cell, beginning to restore balance |
| Undershoot/ Hyperpolarization | slightly more K+ on the outside than inside, making the cell more negatively charged and less excitable |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | to prevent equilibrium, Na+ is actively pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped in |
| IPSP | Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential. Decreases the chance that an AP will occur |
| EPSP | Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential. Increases thechance that an AP will occur |
| Absolute Refractory Period | Period of time where an action potential has just fired and the cell cannot produce another one yet |
| Relative Refractory Period | follows the absolute refreactory period where the cell's ability to fire is suppressed but could if there is an extra strong stimulus |
| Steps to synaptic transmission | depolarization of terminal bouton (open Ca+ channels), influx of Ca+ signals synaptic vesicles to release NT into cleft, NT binds to receptor sites, astrocytes facilitat NT re-uptake via endocytosis |
| Acetylcholine | Primary excitatory NT for PNS, controls voluntary muscle movements and some involuntary |
| Dopamine | modylates limbic and prefrontal functions, regulates basal ganlia motor functions |
| Myasthenia gravis | condition in which impulse transmission is impaired due to a loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction |
| Alzheimer's Disease | characterized by deficient production of acetylcholine, memory loss, personality change and dementia |
| Dopamine | usually acts as an inhibitor, modulate limbic and prefrontal functions, regulates basal ganglia motor functions |
| schizophrenia | excessive dopamine activity in the forebrain |
| Parkinson disease | degeneration pf substantia nigra reduces production and transmission of dopamine associated with degenerative condition characterized by resting tremor, reduced movement, dysarthria and stooped posture |
| Norepinephrine | PNS NT that induces fight or flight response, CNS NT in pons and medulla regulate sleep, attention and mood |
| depression | is treated using norepinephrine enhancing drugs |
| Serotonin | regulates arousal, emotion and pain perception |
| Severe Depression | associated with low serotonin |
| GABA | major inhibitory NT in CNS. Regulates pain perception and inhibits basal ganglia movements |
| Huntington's | a degenerative disease characterized by involuntary movements due to the loss of GABA producing neurons in the caudate and putamen |
| agents that interact with GABA receptors are prescribed for | epilepsy, anxiety and insomnia |
| Glutamate | main excitatory NT in CNS, mediates fast synaptic transmission, too much causes excitotoxicity and excessive Ca influx |
| Stroke or Degenrative disorders | secondary result may be brain damage due to he excessive release or insufficient reuptake of glutamate |
| Neoplasm | refers to uncontrolled growth of body tissue and glia |
| Primary tumors | arise from glia or meninges within the CNS |
| Metastatic tumors | arise elsewhre in the body and spread to the brain |
| Malignant tumors | are rapidly invasive and fatal, often multifocal and undifferentiated from surrounding tissue making them difficult to remove |
| Astrocytomas | malignant tumors that arise from astrocytes, spread very rapidly |
| Glioblastoma mutiform | the most malignat type of astrocytoma, patients die within 18 months |
| Ependymoma | malignant tumor that arise from the ependymal cells that line the ventricle, obstructs ventricular function and the production of CSF |
| Oligodendroglioma | malignant frontal lobe tumor that arise from oligodendroglia; first symptom is ususally seizure |
| Benign tumors | are noninvasive; their cells are differentiable from the surrounding cells, they grow slowly and do not infiltrate |
| Meningiomas | benign tumor that arise from meninges; lead to increased intracranial pressure because they often affect the falx cerebri |
| Andenonmas of the pituitary glands | cause hormonal dysfunctions and produce visual symptoms by compression of the optic chiasm |
| Acoustic Neuromas | benign tumor on the auditory nerve; causes auditory impairments |
| Vestibular Schwannomas | benign tumors that arise from the nerve sheath and cause balance problems |
Created by:
jrschwa1
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