Clinical Chemistry Test 1 Vocabulary
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| Accuracy | How close a measurement value agrees with a true or expected value
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| Anabolism | The constructive phase of metabolism
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| Anode | A positively charged electrode that attracts anions (negative ions)
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| Antibody | An immunoglobulin produced by a B lymphocyte in response to a unique antigen
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| Antigen/Immunogen | A protein or oligosaccharide that elicits an antibody response
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| Batch Analysis | A group of samples are analyzed at the same time for the same test
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| Beer's Law | Concentration of unknown=(Concentration of standard/Absorbance of standard)XAbsorbance of unknown; C?=(Cstd/Astd)XA?
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| Calibration | To determine, check, or rectify the graduation of (any instrument giving quantitative measurements) From Dictioary.com
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| Canalicular | Within canals or small ducts
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| Carryover | A sampling problem that occurs when remnants of a previous sample or test reaction product affect later samples
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| Cathode | A negatively charged electrode that attracts cations (positive ions)
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| Cholesterol | A white crystalline substance found in animal tissues and various foods, normally synthesized by the liver and important as a constituent of cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones
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| Chromatography | A technique for separating similar molecules based on differential absorption and elution
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| Continuous flow | Each sample passes through the same stream and reactions as all other samples, with only a brief washout phase between samples
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| Dead Space | That part of a sample that remains in the "test tube" that the instrument cannot suck out
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| Electrophoresis | A separation technique of different charged molecules in solution in an electrical field of varying potential
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| Eluate | The liquid obtained from a column during separation; derived from washing
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| Endogenous | Originating inside the body
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| Exogenous | Originating outside an organ or part of the body
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| Hapten | Low molecular weight chemical coupled to a carrier protein to become a suitable immunogen
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| HDL | High-density lipoprotein
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| Hemoconcentration | Relative increase in the number of red blood cells resulting from a decrease in the volume of plasma
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| Hemolysis | Rupture of erythrocyte cell membrane causing release of intracellular contents
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| Hepatobiliary | Related to bile ducts within the liver
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| Icterus | Yellowish pigmentation in the blood due to increased bilirubin
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| LDL | Low-density lipoprotein
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| Lipemia | Fatty accumulation in the blood giving cloudy appearance
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| Lipid | Organic compounds that are poorly soluble in water, and soluble in organic solutions such as ether
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| Lipolysis | The catabolic degradation of triacylglycerol
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| Mean | The mean is the sum of the control observations divided by the number of observations
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| Micelle | Pancreatic and Intestinal enzymes digest cholesterol and the emulsified triglycerides so that they can enter the intestinal mucosal cell as an aggregate called a Micelle
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| Monoclonal | Arising from one cell line
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| MSDS | Material Safety Data Sheet
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| Osmometry | Measure of osmotic pressure from dissolved particles in a solution
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| Osteoblasts | Young active cells in the bone
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| Oxidation | Combining with oxygen; increasing the positive valence of a molecule by loss of electrons/loss of electrons in a reaction; attraction of electrons produced in a reduction process at the anode
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| Palpation | Simple technique in which a physician presses lightly on the surface of the body to feel the organs or tissues underneath
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| Parenchymal | Part of the main structure of the organ
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| Parenchymal cells | Epithelial liver cells that make bile, bilirubin, and proteins and perform other duties; hepatocytes
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| Polyclonal | Arising from many cell lines
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| Random Access | Test reactions can be programmed to occur in a variety of sequences
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| Random Error | Error that occurs unpredictably due to poor precision
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| Reduction | Losing oxygen; increasing the negative valence of a molecule by gain of electrons/production of electrons and a positively charged ion; reaction at the cathode
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| Standard Deviation (SD) | The measure of dispersion of a group of values around the mean
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| Systematic Error | Error that occurs predictably once a pattern of recognition is established; predictable errors of the same sign and magnitude
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| Triglyceride | Any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins called also neutral fat
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| Waived | Tests that are very simple or pose no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly
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| Washout | Water or wash solution flowing through a chamber after a sample has passed through in order to clean it out and prevent carryover
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