inheritable genetic variations results from four processes
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| inheritable genetic variations | Differences in DNA that can be passed from parents to their children, which can affect traits like eye color or height.
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| genetic combinations | The mix of genes that a child gets from both parents, which makes each person unique.
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| meiosis | A special kind of cell division that makes sex cells (sperm and eggs), each with half the usual number of chromosomes.
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| mutations | Changes in DNA that can happen naturally or from the environment. Some mutations have no effect, while others can cause diseases or new traits.
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| genetic engineering | A process where scientists change an organism’s DNA to give it new traits, like making crops resistant to pests.
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| biotechnology | The use of living things or their parts (like cells or DNA) to make products or solve problems, such as making medicine or improving food.
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| sexual reproduction | A way of making offspring that involves two parents, where the offspring get a mix of genes from both.
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| DNA replication | The process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before it divides.
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| sex cells | Special cells (sperm in males and eggs in females) that are used in sexual reproduction and carry half the genetic information.
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| modified genetically | When the DNA of an organism has been changed on purpose, usually to give it new abilities or traits.
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