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3-2: Variation
inheritable genetic variations results from four processes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| inheritable genetic variations | Differences in DNA that can be passed from parents to their children, which can affect traits like eye color or height. |
| genetic combinations | The mix of genes that a child gets from both parents, which makes each person unique. |
| meiosis | A special kind of cell division that makes sex cells (sperm and eggs), each with half the usual number of chromosomes. |
| mutations | Changes in DNA that can happen naturally or from the environment. Some mutations have no effect, while others can cause diseases or new traits. |
| genetic engineering | A process where scientists change an organism’s DNA to give it new traits, like making crops resistant to pests. |
| biotechnology | The use of living things or their parts (like cells or DNA) to make products or solve problems, such as making medicine or improving food. |
| sexual reproduction | A way of making offspring that involves two parents, where the offspring get a mix of genes from both. |
| DNA replication | The process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before it divides. |
| sex cells | Special cells (sperm in males and eggs in females) that are used in sexual reproduction and carry half the genetic information. |
| modified genetically | When the DNA of an organism has been changed on purpose, usually to give it new abilities or traits. |
| generation | a group of living things born and living around the same time. In families, it means parents, children, and grandchildren are different generations. |
| Gene expression | how a gene shows its effect in the body. It means the gene is being used to make a protein or do a job in the cell. |
| Mitosis | the process cells use to make exact copies of themselves. It helps with growth and repair in the body. |
| allele | a different form of a gene. You get one allele from each parent, and they work together to decide traits like eye color. |
| nucleic acid sequence | the order of building blocks in DNA or RNA. This sequence is like a code that tells cells how to make proteins. |
| Gametes | special cells used for reproduction. In humans, the egg and sperm are gametes, and they join to form a new baby. |
| crossing over | chromosome pairs swap/exchange parts of their chromosomes |
| electrophoresis | a technique that separates DNA fragments (pieces) by size |
| restriction enzyme | cuts DNA in a specific location, originally found in bacteria as a way to fight off viruses |
| genetically modified organisms (GMO's) | an organism whose DNA has been changed by lab techniques, often using unrelated species; different than traditional breeding |
| bacterial transformation | bacteria absorb small sections of DNA, express genes on the DNA, and produce new proteins |
| recombinant DNA | combining DNA from two different species; allows an organism to produce a protein that benefits humans |
| CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) | gene editing using an enzyme and RNA guide molecule to find and cut specific DNA segments |
| repeated insertions | mutations in which extra pieces of DNA are added into a DNA sequence multiple times |
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