endocrine system
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| Autocrine hormones act on the SAME/OTHER cells that produce them. | same
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| Paracine hormones act on the SAME/OTHER cells that produce them. | other
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| Neurotransmitters are released from | presynaptic axon
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| 3 characteristics of neurotransmitters | 1.act rapidly 2.over short distances3.short duration
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| endocrine hormones are released by __________ into the ___________ and influence cells at a different location. | specialized glands or cells circulation
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| 3 characteristics of endocrine hormones | 1. act slowly 2. act over long distances3. long duration
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| A hormone is a chemical that is secreted by | . a cell or group of cells . into the blood for transport . has a distant target where it exerts its effect . in low concentrations
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| hormones are usually secreted by | endocrine glands
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| other molecules that can act as hormones are secreted by | 1. isolated endocrine cells within tissues 2. neurons 3. immune system cells
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| low amounts of hormones are OK because | hormones have a high affinity (low Km) for their receptors
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| hormones bind to __________ and initiate a __________ | receptors response
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| 3 general classes of hormones | Proteins and Polypeptides Steroids Tyrosine derivatives
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| Most abundant type of hormone in body | Proteins and Polypeptides
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| Steroid hormones secreted by | adrenal cortex, ovaries & testes, placenta
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| Steroid hormones | cortisol, aldosterone, androgens & estrogens, vit D
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| Tyrosine derived hormones are secreted by | thyroid, adrenal medulla
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| Tyrosine derived hormones | Epi, NE thyroxine
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| peptide hormone size | 100 aa
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| Peptide hormones synthesized on ___________ as ___________then cleaved to ___________ by peptidase in the ___ | polysomes, prehormones, prohormones, ER
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| After being synthesized peptide hormones are transferred to the __________ for packaging into secretory vesicles | Golgi
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| ___________ in vesicles cleave prohormones into _____________hormones | enzymes, active
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| vesicles release their contents into extracellular space or bloodstream via | Ca2+ dependent exocytosis
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| Protein hormone secretion is RAPID/SLOW | rapid (sec-min)
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| peptides are ________ soluble | H2O
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| peptides have a LONG/SHORT half life | short
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| peptides are lipo PHILIC/PHOBIC and CAN/CANNOT pass through the cell membrane (receptor cell) | phobic, cannot
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| peptide hormones act on cells through | membrane surface receptors
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| peptides hormones act on cells by initiating a | second messenger system
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| 2nd messenger systems have a RAPID response because they | modify existing proteins
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| 2nd messenger systems | G protein coupled receptorsenzyme linked receptors
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| Steroid hormones are synthesized from ___________ and STORED/NOT STORED | cholesterol, not stored
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| Steroid hormones are secreted SLOWER/FASTER than protein hormones | Slower - they have to be synth from cholesterol
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| steriod synthesis occurs on the | smooth ER
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| most cholesterol comes from | plasma lipoproteins
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| T/F cholesterol can be made de novo | TRUE
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| steroid hormones are lipo PHILIC/PHOBIC and CAN/CANNOT be stored | philic, cannot
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| steroid hormones are released from the cell by | diffusion - lipoPHILIC
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| steroid hormones are SOLUBLE/NOT SOLUBLE in body fluids | not soluble
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| steroid hormones must be carried by ___________through the blood | protein carrier molecules
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| steroid hormones bound to carriers are | protected from proteases not active
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| in order for a steroid hormone to be active it must be BOUND/FREE from the carrier protein | free
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| how does a steroid hormone cause an effect in the target cell | diffuses thru membrane and binds a receptor in the cytoplasm, receptor-hormone goes to nucleus and activates transcription of certain genes
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| Tyrosine derived hormones act like peptide hormones | bind membrane receptors - epi, NE, Dopa
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| Tyrosine derived hormones act like steroid hormones | bind intracellular receptors - thyroid h
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| thyroid hormones increase _____________ in the _______________of a cell | transcription, nucleus
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| factors that increase or decrease the amt of hormone in the blood | rate of secretion rate of clearnace
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| hormones are cleared from the blood by | metabolic destruction by tissues binding target tissues excretion by liver in bile excretion by kidney in urine
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| 2 organs that aid in hormone excretion | liver, kidney
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| down regulation of hormone receptors | decreases responsiveness
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| upregulation of hormone receptors | increases responsiveness
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| factors causing downregulation of hormone receptors | inactivation of receptors inactivation of 2nd msgr proteins temp sequestration of receptors in cell destruction of receptors by lysosomes decreased production of receptors
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| hormone secretion stimuli | external circadian rhythms spontaneous sleep
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| negative feedback | turns DOWN or OFF!more important in maintaining homeoprevents oversecretion prevents overactivity of target tissue
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| positive feedback | turns ON or UP!
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| part of brain involved in hormone production | hypothalamus
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| hypothalamus is connected to _____________ by the ____________ | pituitary, infundibulum
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| pituitary is under control of the | hypothalamus
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| anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by _______________ & ______________ from the hypothalamus | hypothalmic releasing and inhibiting hormones
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| hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary is controlled by __________________ that originate in the ______________ and end in the post pituitary | nerve signals, hypothalamus
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| post pituitary hormones (from hypothtalmus) | ADH Oxytocin
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| ant pituitary hormones transported from hypothtalamus to ant pit thru | hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels
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| hypothalamus hormones acting on ant pituitary | TRH-thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH-corticotropin releasing hormone GHRH- growth hormone releasing hormone GHIH- growth hormone Inhibiting hormone GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone PIH- prolactin inhib hormone
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| ant pituitary hormones | GH - growth TSH - thyroid stim ACTH - AdrenoCorticoTropin LH - leutinizing FSH - follicle stim PRL - prolactin
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| principle endo areas | pineal, parathyroidthyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal stomach, sm. intestine, ovary / testes
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| hormones prod by thyroid | thyroxine-T4, triiodothyronine-T3, calcitonin
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| hormones prod by adrenal cortex | cortisol, aldosterone, androgens & estrogens
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| hormones prod by adrenal medulla | Epi NE
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| hormones prod by GI | gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, motilin
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| hormones prod by brain | melatonin, MSH-melanocyte stim
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| hormones prod by gonads | testosterone, DHT, estrogen, progesterone
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| hormones prod bypancreas | insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
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| hormones prod by parathyroid | PTH - parathyroid
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| hormones prod by kidney | renin, erythropoetin
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| hormones prod by liver | angiotensin
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| hormones prod by heart | ANP - atrial natriuretic
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| hormones prod by SKIN, LIVER, KIDNEY | Vit D (calcitriol)
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| synergism | combined effect is greater than either of them individually - more than additive
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| permissiveness | hormone A needs hormone B present to work properly
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| antagonistic | hormones work against each other
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| hypersecretion | adenomas or cancerous tumors of glands
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| hyposecretion | anywhere in feedback pathway
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| 2nd msgr problems | tissues not responding to circulatins hormone levels
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| primary hypersecretion is due to | problem at primary organ or gland
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| secondary hypersecretion is due to | problem at pituitary or hypothalamus
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| vasopressin | ADH
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| ADH and Oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus as | prohormones packaged with convertases in vesicles, cleaved by convertases while traveling down axon to be released
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| ADH and Oxytocin are stored in ________ and exit the post pit. thru ________ | vesicles, exocytosis
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| ADH is important in ______ regulation in the ___________ via the V2 receptor | H2O, renal tubules
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| ADH plays a role in _________ regulation via the V1 receptor | blood pressure
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| ECF osmolarity has what effect on ADH | INCREASES ADH - increases H2O reabsorption - decreases ECF Os.
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| Oxytocin is very important during __________ and uses a POS/NEG feedback loop | partruition, pos
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| positive feedback on oxytocin is caused by _____________ stimulis of the cervix | stretch
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| __________ of cervix stops positive feedback of oxytocin | relaxation (baby is now out)
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| oxytocin stimulates ______________ due to a nervous stimuli from breast | milk let down
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| T/F each ant pit hormone has a specific target tissue | true
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| hierarchical control | multiple points of hormonal control
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| simple feedback control | one point of control
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| prolactin action | stim prod of milk proteins, stim add mammary growth, promotes vit prod (liver), inhibits LH and FSH secretion (GnRH suppression)
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| prolactin secretion stim by | suckling
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| "normal growth" depends on | GH and other hormonesadequate diet, absence of chronic stress, genetics
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| GH is produced by the | anterior pituitary
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| GH exerts effectsA. on specific target tissues B. on all or almost all tissues in the body | B. all or almost all tissues in the body
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| GH causes growth by | increased cell size, increased mitosis, increased # of cells, specific differentiation
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| GH is ANABOLIC/CATABOLIC | anabolic
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| GH is released from cells called | somatotrophs (GH=somatotrophin)
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| GH metabolic effects | increased rate of protein synthesis, increased mobilization of FA's (use for E), decreased rate of glucose utilization BOTTOM LINE: enhance protein prod, reduce fat stores, conserves carbs.
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| GH via IGF-1 effects | increases skeletal growth, strongly stim osteoblasts
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| GH needs ________ & __________ to work | insulin and carbs
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| Somatomedins function | indirectly mediate GH actions
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| Stimulation of GH secretion | decreased blood glucose, decreased free blood FA's, starvation - fasting, protein deficient, trauma, stress, excitement, exercise, testosterone, estrogen, DEEP sleep, GHRH - stim
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| Inhibition of GH secretion | increased blood glucose, increased free blood FA's, , aging, obesity, GHRH - inhib, growth hormone (exogenous), somatomedins
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| GH and IGF-1 feedback on the _____________ or _____________ | anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
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| GH is primarily released _______________ | in the sleep cycle
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| GH is also released during | exercise
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| GH has a direct effect on which organs and tissues | adipose, liver, muscle
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| GH has an indirect effect, thru IGF's which are produced in the _________ and have effect on which tissues | liver;kidney, pancreas, intestine, islet cells, parathyroids, skin, connective tissue, bone heart, lung, chondrocytes, muscles(slide 67)
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| GH deficiency can cause | . dwarfism(pre puberty), panhypopituitarism - inadeq secretion from ant pit, rate of dev decreased, decreased capacity to make cartilage and long bone, Laron dwarfism: GH hi, IGF-1 low receptor insensitivity
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| GH deficiency is treated with | Human growth hormone (exogenous)
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| GH excessive caused by | Pituitary adenoma
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| excessive GH causes | Gigantism: adol onset, inc bone length & thickness, Acromegaly:adult onset, inc bone thickness, (nose, head, hands, feet), oragnomegaly. Pituitary diabetes:excessive insulin stim causes insulin insensitivity in tissues
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| Pituitary diabetes is caused by excess _____ and entails | GH.TYPE II: overstim of insulin causes "insulin insensitive" tissues and dec glucose uptake, TYPE I: "burnout" of pancreatic B-islet cells
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