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phys - endocrine
endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autocrine hormones act on the SAME/OTHER cells that produce them. | same |
| Paracine hormones act on the SAME/OTHER cells that produce them. | other |
| Neurotransmitters are released from | presynaptic axon |
| 3 characteristics of neurotransmitters | 1.act rapidly 2.over short distances3.short duration |
| endocrine hormones are released by __________ into the ___________ and influence cells at a different location. | specialized glands or cells circulation |
| 3 characteristics of endocrine hormones | 1. act slowly 2. act over long distances3. long duration |
| A hormone is a chemical that is secreted by | . a cell or group of cells . into the blood for transport . has a distant target where it exerts its effect . in low concentrations |
| hormones are usually secreted by | endocrine glands |
| other molecules that can act as hormones are secreted by | 1. isolated endocrine cells within tissues 2. neurons 3. immune system cells |
| low amounts of hormones are OK because | hormones have a high affinity (low Km) for their receptors |
| hormones bind to __________ and initiate a __________ | receptors response |
| 3 general classes of hormones | Proteins and Polypeptides Steroids Tyrosine derivatives |
| Most abundant type of hormone in body | Proteins and Polypeptides |
| Steroid hormones secreted by | adrenal cortex, ovaries & testes, placenta |
| Steroid hormones | cortisol, aldosterone, androgens & estrogens, vit D |
| Tyrosine derived hormones are secreted by | thyroid, adrenal medulla |
| Tyrosine derived hormones | Epi, NE thyroxine |
| peptide hormone size | 100 aa |
| Peptide hormones synthesized on ___________ as ___________then cleaved to ___________ by peptidase in the ___ | polysomes, prehormones, prohormones, ER |
| After being synthesized peptide hormones are transferred to the __________ for packaging into secretory vesicles | Golgi |
| ___________ in vesicles cleave prohormones into _____________hormones | enzymes, active |
| vesicles release their contents into extracellular space or bloodstream via | Ca2+ dependent exocytosis |
| Protein hormone secretion is RAPID/SLOW | rapid (sec-min) |
| peptides are ________ soluble | H2O |
| peptides have a LONG/SHORT half life | short |
| peptides are lipo PHILIC/PHOBIC and CAN/CANNOT pass through the cell membrane (receptor cell) | phobic, cannot |
| peptide hormones act on cells through | membrane surface receptors |
| peptides hormones act on cells by initiating a | second messenger system |
| 2nd messenger systems have a RAPID response because they | modify existing proteins |
| 2nd messenger systems | G protein coupled receptorsenzyme linked receptors |
| Steroid hormones are synthesized from ___________ and STORED/NOT STORED | cholesterol, not stored |
| Steroid hormones are secreted SLOWER/FASTER than protein hormones | Slower - they have to be synth from cholesterol |
| steriod synthesis occurs on the | smooth ER |
| most cholesterol comes from | plasma lipoproteins |
| T/F cholesterol can be made de novo | TRUE |
| steroid hormones are lipo PHILIC/PHOBIC and CAN/CANNOT be stored | philic, cannot |
| steroid hormones are released from the cell by | diffusion - lipoPHILIC |
| steroid hormones are SOLUBLE/NOT SOLUBLE in body fluids | not soluble |
| steroid hormones must be carried by ___________through the blood | protein carrier molecules |
| steroid hormones bound to carriers are | protected from proteases not active |
| in order for a steroid hormone to be active it must be BOUND/FREE from the carrier protein | free |
| how does a steroid hormone cause an effect in the target cell | diffuses thru membrane and binds a receptor in the cytoplasm, receptor-hormone goes to nucleus and activates transcription of certain genes |
| Tyrosine derived hormones act like peptide hormones | bind membrane receptors - epi, NE, Dopa |
| Tyrosine derived hormones act like steroid hormones | bind intracellular receptors - thyroid h |
| thyroid hormones increase _____________ in the _______________of a cell | transcription, nucleus |
| factors that increase or decrease the amt of hormone in the blood | rate of secretion rate of clearnace |
| hormones are cleared from the blood by | metabolic destruction by tissues binding target tissues excretion by liver in bile excretion by kidney in urine |
| 2 organs that aid in hormone excretion | liver, kidney |
| down regulation of hormone receptors | decreases responsiveness |
| upregulation of hormone receptors | increases responsiveness |
| factors causing downregulation of hormone receptors | inactivation of receptors inactivation of 2nd msgr proteins temp sequestration of receptors in cell destruction of receptors by lysosomes decreased production of receptors |
| hormone secretion stimuli | external circadian rhythms spontaneous sleep |
| negative feedback | turns DOWN or OFF!more important in maintaining homeoprevents oversecretion prevents overactivity of target tissue |
| positive feedback | turns ON or UP! |
| part of brain involved in hormone production | hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus is connected to _____________ by the ____________ | pituitary, infundibulum |
| pituitary is under control of the | hypothalamus |
| anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by _______________ & ______________ from the hypothalamus | hypothalmic releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary is controlled by __________________ that originate in the ______________ and end in the post pituitary | nerve signals, hypothalamus |
| post pituitary hormones (from hypothtalmus) | ADH Oxytocin |
| ant pituitary hormones transported from hypothtalamus to ant pit thru | hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels |
| hypothalamus hormones acting on ant pituitary | TRH-thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH-corticotropin releasing hormone GHRH- growth hormone releasing hormone GHIH- growth hormone Inhibiting hormone GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone PIH- prolactin inhib hormone |
| ant pituitary hormones | GH - growth TSH - thyroid stim ACTH - AdrenoCorticoTropin LH - leutinizing FSH - follicle stim PRL - prolactin |
| principle endo areas | pineal, parathyroidthyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal stomach, sm. intestine, ovary / testes |
| hormones prod by thyroid | thyroxine-T4, triiodothyronine-T3, calcitonin |
| hormones prod by adrenal cortex | cortisol, aldosterone, androgens & estrogens |
| hormones prod by adrenal medulla | Epi NE |
| hormones prod by GI | gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, motilin |
| hormones prod by brain | melatonin, MSH-melanocyte stim |
| hormones prod by gonads | testosterone, DHT, estrogen, progesterone |
| hormones prod bypancreas | insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
| hormones prod by parathyroid | PTH - parathyroid |
| hormones prod by kidney | renin, erythropoetin |
| hormones prod by liver | angiotensin |
| hormones prod by heart | ANP - atrial natriuretic |
| hormones prod by SKIN, LIVER, KIDNEY | Vit D (calcitriol) |
| synergism | combined effect is greater than either of them individually - more than additive |
| permissiveness | hormone A needs hormone B present to work properly |
| antagonistic | hormones work against each other |
| hypersecretion | adenomas or cancerous tumors of glands |
| hyposecretion | anywhere in feedback pathway |
| 2nd msgr problems | tissues not responding to circulatins hormone levels |
| primary hypersecretion is due to | problem at primary organ or gland |
| secondary hypersecretion is due to | problem at pituitary or hypothalamus |
| vasopressin | ADH |
| ADH and Oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus as | prohormones packaged with convertases in vesicles, cleaved by convertases while traveling down axon to be released |
| ADH and Oxytocin are stored in ________ and exit the post pit. thru ________ | vesicles, exocytosis |
| ADH is important in ______ regulation in the ___________ via the V2 receptor | H2O, renal tubules |
| ADH plays a role in _________ regulation via the V1 receptor | blood pressure |
| ECF osmolarity has what effect on ADH | INCREASES ADH - increases H2O reabsorption - decreases ECF Os. |
| Oxytocin is very important during __________ and uses a POS/NEG feedback loop | partruition, pos |
| positive feedback on oxytocin is caused by _____________ stimulis of the cervix | stretch |
| __________ of cervix stops positive feedback of oxytocin | relaxation (baby is now out) |
| oxytocin stimulates ______________ due to a nervous stimuli from breast | milk let down |
| T/F each ant pit hormone has a specific target tissue | true |
| hierarchical control | multiple points of hormonal control |
| simple feedback control | one point of control |
| prolactin action | stim prod of milk proteins, stim add mammary growth, promotes vit prod (liver), inhibits LH and FSH secretion (GnRH suppression) |
| prolactin secretion stim by | suckling |
| "normal growth" depends on | GH and other hormonesadequate diet, absence of chronic stress, genetics |
| GH is produced by the | anterior pituitary |
| GH exerts effectsA. on specific target tissues B. on all or almost all tissues in the body | B. all or almost all tissues in the body |
| GH causes growth by | increased cell size, increased mitosis, increased # of cells, specific differentiation |
| GH is ANABOLIC/CATABOLIC | anabolic |
| GH is released from cells called | somatotrophs (GH=somatotrophin) |
| GH metabolic effects | increased rate of protein synthesis, increased mobilization of FA's (use for E), decreased rate of glucose utilization BOTTOM LINE: enhance protein prod, reduce fat stores, conserves carbs. |
| GH via IGF-1 effects | increases skeletal growth, strongly stim osteoblasts |
| GH needs ________ & __________ to work | insulin and carbs |
| Somatomedins function | indirectly mediate GH actions |
| Stimulation of GH secretion | decreased blood glucose, decreased free blood FA's, starvation - fasting, protein deficient, trauma, stress, excitement, exercise, testosterone, estrogen, DEEP sleep, GHRH - stim |
| Inhibition of GH secretion | increased blood glucose, increased free blood FA's, , aging, obesity, GHRH - inhib, growth hormone (exogenous), somatomedins |
| GH and IGF-1 feedback on the _____________ or _____________ | anterior pituitary, hypothalamus |
| GH is primarily released _______________ | in the sleep cycle |
| GH is also released during | exercise |
| GH has a direct effect on which organs and tissues | adipose, liver, muscle |
| GH has an indirect effect, thru IGF's which are produced in the _________ and have effect on which tissues | liver;kidney, pancreas, intestine, islet cells, parathyroids, skin, connective tissue, bone heart, lung, chondrocytes, muscles(slide 67) |
| GH deficiency can cause | . dwarfism(pre puberty), panhypopituitarism - inadeq secretion from ant pit, rate of dev decreased, decreased capacity to make cartilage and long bone, Laron dwarfism: GH hi, IGF-1 low receptor insensitivity |
| GH deficiency is treated with | Human growth hormone (exogenous) |
| GH excessive caused by | Pituitary adenoma |
| excessive GH causes | Gigantism: adol onset, inc bone length & thickness, Acromegaly:adult onset, inc bone thickness, (nose, head, hands, feet), oragnomegaly. Pituitary diabetes:excessive insulin stim causes insulin insensitivity in tissues |
| Pituitary diabetes is caused by excess _____ and entails | GH.TYPE II: overstim of insulin causes "insulin insensitive" tissues and dec glucose uptake, TYPE I: "burnout" of pancreatic B-islet cells |
Created by:
hollymtngirl
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