Population and Migration
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| age cohort | A group of people with a similar age.
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| agricultural density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
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| anti-natalism | a philosophical and policy stance that encourages lower birth rates by discouraging reproduction.
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| arithmetic density | a mathematical calculation that gives an average of the number of people living in a specific area, such as a square mile or square kilometer
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| asylum-seeker | Someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.
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| brain drain/gain | Large-scale emigration by talented people. brain gain. The opposite of brain drain; opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills.
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| carrying capacity | the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area.
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| center of population | refers to the geographic center of the population of a country
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| chain migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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| crude birth rate (CBR) | the number of live births occurring during a year per every 1,000 people in a given population in a given year.
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| crude death rate (CDR) | the ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population.
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| demographic momentum | the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.
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| demographics | refers to the statistical data that describes the characteristics of a population, including factors such as age, gender, income, education, and ethnicity.
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| diaspora | is the name given to a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.
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| doubling time | the projected amount of time that it will take for a given population to double. It is based on the annual growth rate and is calculated by what is known as "The Rule of 70."
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| elderly support ratio | The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older. Example: The world's elderly support ratio is about 9, because for every elderly person, there are 9 people of working age.
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| epidemiological transition | changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.
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| guest worker (time-contract worker) | citizen of a poor country who is permitted to work in a country on a temporary basis, i.e. for farm labor.
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| internal migration | the movement of an individual or group of people from one region of a country to another region of the same country.
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| internally displace person (IDP) | someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders
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| international migration | Permanent movement from one country to another.
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| interregional migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
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| intervening obstacle/opportunity | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (obstacle) or helps with migration (opportunity)
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| intraregional migration | the movement of people within the same region of a nation
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| J-curve | when the projection population show exponential growth
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| life expectancy (longevity rate) | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical condition
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| Malthus, Thomas | Created the "Malthusian Theory," which states that population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and societal collapse unless population growth is checked.
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| migration selectivity | the tendency for certain types of people to migrate. Age, education, and other sociodemographic characteristics are migration selectivity factors
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| natural disaster | a catastrophic event resulting from natural processes of the Earth that causes significant disruption to human life, property, and the environment (hurricane, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc).
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| naturalization | refers to the legal process by which a non-citizen of a country acquires citizenship,
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| Neo Malthusian | Someone who believes that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agricultural production to keep up.
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| overpopulation | a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the availability of one or more essential resources.
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| physiological density | the number of persons per unit of agricultural land.
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| population aging (“greying”) | a demographic trend where the proportion of older individuals in a population increases, typically due to longer life expectancies and declining birth rates.
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| population pyramid (age-sex pyramid) | graphical representations that show the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically divided by sex (male/female).
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| pronatalism | policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area
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| pull factor | positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas
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| push factor | something that encourages or forces an individual to migrate away from a certain place.
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| Ravenstein’s Laws | set of principles that describe migration patterns and behaviors. Emphasizes that most migrants move only a short distance and that migration typically occurs in 11 steps.
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| redistricting | Redistricting is the process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts to reflect changes in population and ensure fair representation
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| refugee | individuals who are forced to flee their home country due to persecution, war, violence, or human rights violations.
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| replacement fertility | the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. In developed countries, replacement level fertility can be taken as requiring an average of 2.1 children per woman.
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| S-curve | graphical representation of population growth that shows how populations initially grow slowly, then rapidly accelerate, before eventually leveling off due to limiting factors such as resource availability or competition.
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| sex ratio | the number of males per 100 females
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| step migration | migration pattern where people move to a final destination in stages. Often starting from a rural area and gradually moving towards a larger urban center, rather than migrating directly to the final destination in one step.
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| total fertility rate (TFR) | an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years.
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| transhumance | the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures. Typically, livestock is moved to the lowlands in the winters and to the highlands in the summers.
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| undocumented migrant | people who enter a country without proper documents.
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| zero-population growth | occurs when the number of people who die and emigrate out of a country equals the number of people who are born or immigrate into a country
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