cell organelles + organization
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| cell theory | all organisms are composed of cells, cells are responsible for basic structure and function of all organisms, cells come from preexisting cells through self-reproduction
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| When and why did detailed cell study and theory begin? | 1830s, access to microscopes
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| relationship between S.A.-volume and cell size | decrease in cell size = increase S.A.-Volume ratio = more effective transfer of materials in cell
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| prokaryote | unicellular organism that has no nucleus or organelles, very small
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| 2 domains of prokaryotes | bacteria, archaea
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| Bacteria domain traits | cause disease, very important to environment, decomposers, products and drugs
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| 3 shapes of prokaryotes | coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete
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| 3 parts of a cell envelope | plasma membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx
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| plasma membrane in prokaryotes | phospholipid bilayer w/embedded and peripheral proteins
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| glycocalyx | layer of polysaccharides on outside of cell wall
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| glycocalyx characteristics | well organized, resist removal
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| cytoplasm | semifluid encased by plasma membrane
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| nucleoid | (prokaryotes), region that contains the single, circle DNA
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| plasmid | accessory/extrachromosomal rings of DNA
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| ribosomes in prokaryotes | tiny structures, synthesize proteins in cytoplasm
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| cell wall in prokaryotes, function | maintain cell's shape, reinforced w/peptidoglycan
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| flagella | whip-like tail for mobility
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| fimbriae | PROKARYOTES, small, bristle fibers that sprout from cell surface
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| fimbriae function | PROKARYOTES, help cell stick to things
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| conjugation pili | rigid tube structures that pass DNA from cell to cell
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| differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | - prokaryotes are smaller and simpler
- eukaryotes have a nucleus and specialized organelles
- eukaryotes can be compartmentalized for specific tasks
- eukaryotes are bigger and more complex
- eukaryotes are animal and plant cells
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| endosymbiotic theory | - eukaryotes are related to archaea
- nucleus evolved by invagination of the cell membrane
- energy organelles (chloroplast/mitochondria) evolved when euks engulfed smaller prok cells
- mitochondria/chloroplast were smaller prokaryotes
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| 2 classes of eukaryote organelles | endomembrane system, energy related
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| endomembrane system | organelles communicate with one another via membrane channels and small vesicles
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