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cell theory
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When and why did detailed cell study and theory begin?
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AP Bio - Unit 2
cell organelles + organization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | all organisms are composed of cells, cells are responsible for basic structure and function of all organisms, cells come from preexisting cells through self-reproduction |
| When and why did detailed cell study and theory begin? | 1830s, access to microscopes |
| relationship between S.A.-volume and cell size | decrease in cell size = increase S.A.-Volume ratio = more effective transfer of materials in cell |
| prokaryote | unicellular organism that has no nucleus or organelles, very small |
| 2 domains of prokaryotes | bacteria, archaea |
| Bacteria domain traits | cause disease, very important to environment, decomposers, products and drugs |
| 3 shapes of prokaryotes | coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete |
| 3 parts of a cell envelope | plasma membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx |
| plasma membrane in prokaryotes | phospholipid bilayer w/embedded and peripheral proteins |
| glycocalyx | layer of polysaccharides on outside of cell wall |
| glycocalyx characteristics | well organized, resist removal |
| cytoplasm | semifluid encased by plasma membrane |
| nucleoid | (prokaryotes), region that contains the single, circle DNA |
| plasmid | accessory/extrachromosomal rings of DNA |
| ribosomes in prokaryotes | tiny structures, synthesize proteins in cytoplasm |
| cell wall in prokaryotes, function | maintain cell's shape, reinforced w/peptidoglycan |
| flagella | whip-like tail for mobility |
| fimbriae | PROKARYOTES, small, bristle fibers that sprout from cell surface |
| fimbriae function | PROKARYOTES, help cell stick to things |
| conjugation pili | rigid tube structures that pass DNA from cell to cell |
| differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | - prokaryotes are smaller and simpler - eukaryotes have a nucleus and specialized organelles - eukaryotes can be compartmentalized for specific tasks - eukaryotes are bigger and more complex - eukaryotes are animal and plant cells |
| endosymbiotic theory | - eukaryotes are related to archaea - nucleus evolved by invagination of the cell membrane - energy organelles (chloroplast/mitochondria) evolved when euks engulfed smaller prok cells - mitochondria/chloroplast were smaller prokaryotes |
| 2 classes of eukaryote organelles | endomembrane system, energy related |
| endomembrane system | organelles communicate with one another via membrane channels and small vesicles |
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