Introduction and Anatomy
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| Phonetics | the study of the production and perception of speech sounfs
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| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | used to represent the sounds that make up words; NOT based on spelling
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| Phonetics focuses on: | the study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics, and how they are produced
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| Phonology focuses on: | how speech sounds are combined and used in language
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| Roman Alphabet | think in letters, the same letter combination might make different sounds depending on the word, context
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| Grapheme | the printed letter (or letters) that represent one speech sound
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| Allographs | different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound
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| Diagraphs | pair of letters that represent one sound
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| Morpheme | smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
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| Phoneme | a speech sound unit that can affect meaning
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| Minimal Pair | two words that differ by one phoneme
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| Free morpheme | a morpheme that can stand alone and carry meaning
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| Bound morpheme | a morpheme that must be attached to another word to carry meaning; CANNOT stand alone
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| Syllable | a basic building block of language that can be composed of one vowel alone or a vowel sound combination with one or more consonants
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| Syllable onset | all consonants that precede a vowel
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| Rhyme components | nucleus and coda
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| Nuecleus | the vowel
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| Coda | all consonants that follow the nucleus
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| Word Stress (lexical stress) | the increased emphasis in the production of one syllable in a word
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| Stressed syllable has an increase in muscular force, resulting in a syllable with | longer in duration, higher in pitch, somewhat louder
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| Systems for speech production | respiratory, phonatory, articulatory
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| Components of Respiratory system | diaphragm, lungs, trachea
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| Component of Phonatory system | larynx
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| Components of Articulatory system | vocal tract: lips, tongue, teeth, jaw, hard palate, velum, pharynx
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| Phonation | some speech sounds are voiced and some are voiceless
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| Examples of voiced sounds | z, b, d, th (in "the")
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| Examples of voiceless sounds | s, t, p, th (in "tooth")
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| Vocal tract | pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, articulators
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| Articulators | structures that move to create speech sounds
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| Subcomponents of Pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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| Nasal cavity | responsible for nasal sounds
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| Tongue | primary articulator, lingual sounds
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| Velum | muscular structure posterior to the hard palate, velar sounds
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| Hard palate | bony structure posterior to alveolar ridge: palatal sounds
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| Alveolar ridge | bony ridge at the anterior portion of the hard palate: alveolar sounds
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| Teeth central incisors | central incisors: interdental, labiodental sounds
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| Teeth molars | help guide tongue in production of other speech sounds
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| Lips | bilabial sounds, rounded vs unrounded (bear vs wear)
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| Resonance | the vibratory properties of any vibrating object, including the vocal tract; as the articulators move, resonance changes
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| What is the reason why we perceive speech sounds as different from each other? | resonance
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