6-16-10 Patho II Blood
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| show | the morphologic class cell size
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| show | the Hb content (ex hyperchromic)
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| show | a person with different size RBCs
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| Poikilocytosis is | show 🗑
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| show | decreased # of circulating RBCs or in the quality or amount of Hb
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| show | decreased production of RBCs, destruction of RBCs or a combination of both
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| What is the name of the first and second cell types in the production of an RBC? | show 🗑
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| show | Ejection of nucleus
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| show | Hemocytoblast
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| show | Ribosome synthesis
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| What is another name for the RBC in the committed cell stage | show 🗑
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| What happens in phase 2 of RBC synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | 7.5 um
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| show | 2.0 um
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| show | when it happens gradually without greater oxygen demand
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| How does one compensate for anemia | show 🗑
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| What does anemia do to the heart | show 🗑
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| What are the S/S in ineffective compensated anemia | show 🗑
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| Severe or sudden onset of anemia causes | show 🗑
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| show | accumulation of products from broken RBCs
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| show | myelin degeneration of the nervous system in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves
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| S/S of anemia caused by Vit B12 (10 of them) | show 🗑
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| What is the tx for anemia | show 🗑
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| show | defective DNA synthesis
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| Megaloblasts results from | show 🗑
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| show | Macrocytes
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| show | def Vit B12 that is caused from the lack of the intrinsic factor (IF) in the gastric mucosa (cogenital - atrophy of the gastric mucosa) or after partial or total gastrectomy
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| Chronic atrophic gastritis can be caused by (3 things) | show 🗑
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| 5 vague symptoms of pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| show | less than 8 g/dl
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| show | demylination of the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord
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| Symptoms that appear when Hb is less than 8g/dl (8 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | clinical manifestations, blood test, bone marrow aspiration and Schilling test
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| show | measures the urine excretion of administered radioactive cobalamin
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| show | low urinary excretion of cobalamin
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| show | It is the secondary confirmation test of the diagnosis of pernicious anemia
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| What happens in 1-3 yrs of untreated pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| What prevents death in pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| show | thymine, adenine, and guanine
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| show | 50-200ug
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| Three resons for folate acid deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | Stomatitis (painful ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and tongue), dysphagia, flatulence, and liquid diarrhea
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| show | Neurologic manifestations
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| show | Folate daily - 1 mg normally, 5 mg alcoholics
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| show | Pernicious anemia and folate anemia
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| Name microcytic - hypochromatic anemias (3 of them) | show 🗑
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| The most common anemia worldwide | show 🗑
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| show | parasitic infestations, decreased ingestion of Fe (malnutrition), pregnancy, chronic blood loss
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| The mls of daily blood loss that can cause anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Stage I = Fe storage depleted but Hb and RBC normal, Stage II = Fe def. causes erythropoiesis, Stage III = small Hb def. cells replace circulating old normal RBC
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| show | fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pale skin and mucose membranes, koilonychia nails, glossitis, gastritis, headache, irritability, neuromuscular changes
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| show | Directly (bone marrow biopsy) or indirectly (serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, or total iron-binding capacity)
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| show | an increase of 1-2 g/ml after initiation of Fe therapy
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| Name 5 normocytic - normochromic anemias | show 🗑
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| Aplastic anemia results from (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | where all the series are effected
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| Aplastic anemias are either ? or ? and may be further calssified as ? or ? | show 🗑
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| PRCA, what is it and what series does it effect | show 🗑
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| True / false: PRCA is very common when eating raw chicken on OBT | show 🗑
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| show | Blood transfusions and bone marrow transplant (or pharmacological stimulation of the marrow function)
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| What "ectomy" might take place with aplastic anemia | show 🗑
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| The most common type of hemolytic anemia with normal Hb | show 🗑
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| The cause of cogenital hemolitic anemia | show 🗑
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| What happens to a spherocyte when it circulates through the spleen | show 🗑
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| When (developmental stage) do clinical manifistation of cogenital hemolitic anemia occur | show 🗑
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| Tx of cogenital hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Splenomegaly
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| What % of splenectomies occur with cogenital hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Aplastic crisis (RBC production shut down for 10 days from parvovirus B19)
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| show | None
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| Clinical cure for cogenital hemolitic anemia | show 🗑
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| Thing to be evaluated to diagnose cogenital hemolitic anemia (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Hb S
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| Hb S results from glutamic acid being replaced by | show 🗑
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| show | Deoxygenation and dehydration
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| True/False: When Hb S reacts it turns into the shape of a buttermilk biscuit and is soft and fluffy | show 🗑
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| show | occlude and cause ischemia, pain, infarction
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| show | False, both hemolysis and sequestration in spleen - only seq. in liver
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| What does sickle cells cause in the bone marrow and sometimes liver | show 🗑
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| Name 4 types of anemic crises | show 🗑
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| show | crisis which may be spontaneous or precipitated by infections, exposure to cold, decreased PO2, decreased pH, or localized hypoxemia
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| show | crisis results from RBC with a shorter survival (10-20 days)and a compromised compensatory responce
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| show | crisis in both the spleen and liver
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| show | crisis is unusual but may occur in association with certain drugs and infections
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| show | Infection (meningitis and general sepsis)
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| show | Sickle cell solubility test
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| show | Hb electrophoresis
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| show | Chorionic Villus sample (8-10 wks gestation) or Amniocentesis (15 wks gestation)
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| show | Prevention (prevent consequences and crisis)
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| show | Fever, infection, dehydration, acidosis, and exposure to cold temp
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| Tx for sickle cell (5 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | 25%
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| Thalassemia (a microcytosis disease) is charactered by the impairment of what | show 🗑
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| show | Alpha Thalassemia or Beta Thalassemia and then either Minor or Major
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| Both alpha and beta thalassemia are life threatening in children who are (4 things) | show 🗑
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| An untreated child with thalassemia will die at what age | show 🗑
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| show | Family history, clinical manifestations, peripheral blood smear (microcytosis), and Hb electrophoresis
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| show | blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy (experimental), spenectomy, and neocyte transfusion (experimental)
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| show | excessive production of RBC
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| show | The Relative Type (actual absolute RBCs numbers are normal as well as bone marrow function)
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| The Absolute Type of Polycythemia is further classified as | show 🗑
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| show | Polycythemia Vera (PV)- a neoplastic (cancerous)disorder where RBC mass is self distructive.Also hyperplasia of the bone marrow with inc. platlets and WBC leads to altered Pluripotential
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| Polycythemia cause what to the blood volume and viscosity | show 🗑
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| Clinical S/S of polycythemia (12 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | blood test = increase in absolute RBCs and total blood volume
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| show | phlebotomy Q 3-4 momths, radioactive phosphorus, myelosuppresive drugs (clorambucil)
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| Absolute secondary polycythemia is usually caused by | show 🗑
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| Excessive white blood cells is called | show 🗑
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| show | Leukopenia
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| T/F: leukocytosis and leukopenia usually involve more than one type of WBC in the same individual? | show 🗑
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| The physiological causes for leukocytosis are (10 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | Malignancies and hematological disorders
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| show | Radiation, anaphylactic shock, SLE, and some chemotherapeutical agents
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| show | Less than 1000/mm3
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| show | Less than 500/mm3
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| show | Infection or myeloprolifrative disorders
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| A decrease in Granulocytes and Monocytes can be from (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophilia (which is present in the early stages of infection = above 7500/ul)
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| show | Thrombus due to increase in viscosity
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| show | Shift to the Left ( the degree of shift is usually related to the serverity of the infection)
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| Neutropenia is a count less than ? and is seen in ? | show 🗑
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| Causes for decreased neutrophil production (3 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Autoimmune disorder (SLE and RA)
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| Abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration are caused by (3 things) | show 🗑
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| Eosinophilia usually occurs in ? and give 6 examples | show 🗑
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| show | migration of eosinophils into sites of inflammation.
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| show | Cushing syndrome, surgery, shock, trauma, burns, or mental distress
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| show | Myeloproliferative disorder
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| show | Hyperthyroidism, acute infections, and long-term steroid therapy
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| show | in the late recovery stages of bacterial infections (when phagocytosis is needed)along with leukopenia, also seen during chronic infections like TB and SBE
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| Monocytopenia is rare and has been identified with (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Viral (rare in bacterial infections), it is also present in antigen reactions
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| show | Neoplasms, immune deficiencies, radiation, chemo, and viruses. Serious in cases with AIDS
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| Leukemia is | show 🗑
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| Leukemias are classified | show 🗑
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| show | Undifferenitiated or immature cell (usually a blast cell)with rapid onset and short survival time
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| show | apperently mature but does not function normally (longer survival period than acute)
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| show | Related to bone marrow depression such as fatigue, bleeding, fever (the early sign), infection (oral, resp, lower colon, GU, and skin), anorexia, decreased sweet/sour taste, weight loss, loss of muscle, neurological issues (H/A, vomiting, papilledema
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| show | Blood test and bone marrow biopsy
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| show | Chemotherapy (tx of choice), bone marrow transplant, supportive care, immunotherapy agents
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| Treatment for chronic leukemia includes | show 🗑
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| Multiple myeloma is what type of cancer | show 🗑
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| Multiple myeloma cells produce large amount of | show 🗑
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| show | infiltration and destruction of organs (particularly bones)
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| show | Radiographic, lab studies, and biopsy of the lesion
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| show | Chemo, Radiation, Plasmapheresis, and bone marrow transplant
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| show | Lymphocytes and histiocytes (and their precursors and derivatives)
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| show | Lymphoid tissue
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| show | Lymphoid leukemia (B cell origin), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T cell origin), and Hodgkin disease
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| Hodgkin Disease is characterized by the presence of | show 🗑
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| Hodgkin disease is diagnosed by | show 🗑
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| Treatment for Hodgkin disease includes | show 🗑
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| What is different in the clinical findings between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin diseases | show 🗑
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| What are the differences in the S/S and treatments of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin diseases | show 🗑
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