chapter 6
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| Stomach, pancreas, small intestine contains what type of gland? | Exocrine
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| Stomach mixes and stores food into | chyme
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| stomach begin ____ digestion | Protein
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| stomach brakes down protein with what enzyme | PEPSIN
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| low ph of stomach helps to | dentature proteins; kill bacteria
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| 4 types of cells in the stomach | chief, parietal, mucous, G-cells
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| Chief (peptic) cell secretes | pepsinogen
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| Parietal ( oxyntic) cell secretes | HCL
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| G-cell secretes | gastrin into interstitium
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| NO absorption occurs in the | stomach
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| Pepsinogen (zymogen of pepsin) is activated in stomach by | low pH
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| in the cell lumen.... HCL + CO2= | Carbonic acid
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| H+ from Carbonic acid is diffused into cell lumen side to | lower pH of stomach
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| Bicarbonate ion is expelled to the interstitial fluid to | increase pH of blood
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| gastrin stimulates | parietal cells to release HCL
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| Major hormones that affect stomach juice secretion | histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine
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| acetylcholine | stimulates all cells to secrete
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| Gastrin and histamine | stimulate HCL secretion
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| small intestine has outermost layers with fingerlike projections called | villi
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| the villi's apical (lumen side) surface has | microvilli
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| small hairlike stuff on microvilli | brush border
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| brushborder secretes enzymes that digest | carbs, proteins, nucleotides
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| small intestine does | absorption and digestion
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| capillary network and lymph vessel in villi | lacteal
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| _____ increase SA of intestine | microvilli
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| small intestine has epithelial cells called _____, that secrete mucous to lubricate intestine and protect brush border | GOBLET cells
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| Small intestine secrete juices with ____ & ____ | high pH and lysozyme
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| bacteria is regulated in sm intestine by | lysozyme
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| Duodenum has a pH of 6 because of | the bicarbonate ion given off by the pancreas
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| pancreatic enzymes include:: | trypsin, chymostrypsin, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and pancreatic amylase and lipase
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| all enzymes of the pancreas are released as | zymogens
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| villi aka | enterocyte
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| Enterokinase located in the brush border activate | trypsin
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| Trypsin activates | all the other enzymes
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| ______ &______ degrade proteins into polypeptides | trypsin and chymotrypsin
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| proteins reach the brush border as polypeptides b4 they reach the enterocyte as | AA, dipeptides, tripeptides
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| enzymes within enterocyte reduce tripeptides and dipeptides into | amino acids
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| enterocyte= | cells of brushborder
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| pancreatic amylase (stronger than salivary amylase) digests | polysacharides into disacharide and trisacharides
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| Lipase | degraded fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids with the help of bile
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| BILE | made by the liver, but stored in the gallbladder; it increases SA, and emulsifies fats (but DOES NOT digest it)
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| Bile Does not touch the _____ of fats | chemistry
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| Large intestine is incharge of | water reabsorbtion and electrolyte absorption. It also contains E.Coli
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| bacteria E.Coli has what type of relationship with the large intestine | mutualistic symbiosis
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| E.coli produce | vitamin k, B12, thiamin and riboflavin
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| local peptide hormones secreted by the small intestine after a mean = | secretin, CCk, gastric inhibitory peptide
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| secretin, CCk, gastric inhibitory peptide | increase BL INSULIN levels especially in the presence of glucose
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| HCL in the duodenum causes | secretin release
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| _____ stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas | secretin
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| gastric inhibitory peptide | decrease stomach motility
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| causes gallblader contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. ALSO decreases motility of stomach, allowing more time for the duodenum to digest fats | CCK
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| Is bile an enzyme? | NO it is an emulsifying AGENT
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| The end product of carb digestion is | glucose (carried in the BL)
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| In carb absorbtion, GLUCOSE is absorbed by a ______ and carried _____ the conc. gradient of sodium | secondary active transport mechanism; down
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| formation of glucose= | glycogenesis
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| When BL glucose is low, ____ takes place and in the liver and glucose is returned to the blood | glucogenolysis
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| In all cells except _____ &_______, glucose is transported from high conc. to low via facilliated diffusion. | enterocyte cells and renal tubule cells
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| when you think of proteins think of ___ | nitrogen
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| Proteins have to be degraded into _____ before being absorbed into the blood | amino acids
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| PROTEINS (amino acids) are absorbed down concentration gradient by | cotransport mechamism
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| Amino Acids are transported to the cell via | active or faciliated diffusion (never Passive)
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| Gluconeogenesis of proteins have what byproducts? | Ammonia( nitrogen product)
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| Ammonia is converted to _____ by the liver | urea
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| Urea is expelled from the body by | kidney's - urine
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| fats combine with what to be transported through the blood? | albumin
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| fats need a carrier b/c they r insoluble. These carriers can be | albumin or lipoproteins
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| lipid in plasma= | lipoprotein
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| chylomicrons = | large lipoproteins
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| liver receives blood from... | capillary beds of large intestines, pancreas, stomach, spleen
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| liver receives blood via | hepatic portal vein
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| liver moves blood to the | vena cava
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| A second blood supply is given to the liver (used to oxygenate the liver) via | hepatic artery
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| 2 important clotting factors | prothrombin and fibrinogen
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| ____ is the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood | Albumin
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| Group of proteins that include antibodies | Globulins
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| Antibodies are made from | plasma cells
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| blood storage | liver
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| blood filtration | liver
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| carb, fat, and protein metabolism | liver
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| detoxification | liver
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| vitamin storage | liver
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| erythrocyte destruction | liver
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| fats enter the lymph as _____ before entering the blood | chylomicrons
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| The liver synthesizes | non essential AA
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| Gluconeogenesis | production of glucose and glycogen from non carb precursors; OCCURS MAINLY IN LIVER
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| glycogenolysis is inhibited by | insulin
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| excrete wastes, maintain homeostasis, control plasma pH | KIDNEY
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| urine is emptied in which kidney part? | renal pelvis
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| Filtration occurs in | renal corpuscle
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| reabsoprtion/ secretion occurs in | proximal tubule
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| concentrates solutes in the medulla | loop of henle
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| reabsorbs Na+and Ca2+ and secretes k+, HCO3-, H+ | distal tubule
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| aldosterone has what affect on the distal tubule? | lowers filtrate osmularity
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| distal tubule empties into | collecting duct
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| ADH makes _____ more permeable to water | collecting ducts in the medulla
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| amount of filtrate is related to amount of | hydrostatic pressure in the glomulerus
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| descending loop of henle is | permeable to water
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| ascending loop of henle is | impermeable in water
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| actively transports sodium into the kidney | ascending loop of henle
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| juxtaglomular apparatus monitors filtrate pressure in the | distal tubule
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| actively transports sodium into the kidney | ascending loop of henle
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| juxtaglomular apparatus monitors filtrate pressure in the | distal tubule
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| Renin stimulates angiotensin 1, 2, 3 to stimulates | Adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
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| aldosterone acts on distal tubule to | secrete K+, and absorb Na2+
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