chads orgo 2
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| Ranking reactivity | amide(very unreactive) < Ester< Anhydride < Acid Chloride/ Bromide (Bromide is more reactive than Cl though)
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| fisher esterification | alcohol + carboxylic acid= ESTER
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| conjugate base of benzoic acid= | soluble in H2O
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| Extraction | seperates water from acid/base
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| In a solution with ether, ester, benzoic acid, and water---> if we add NAOH (strong base) what will seperate in which order? | Ether on top, then ester, then the bottom aqueous layer would have benzoic acid mixed with H2O
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| If you do an EXTRACTION w/ base (NAOH)...then what do u pull out? | carboxylic acid (aqueous soluble extraction)
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| if you do EXTRACTION w/ acid(HCL)...then what do you pull out? | Amine (aqueous soluble extraction)
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| Ionic compounds are salts and they are.... | H2O soluble
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| R-NH3+= | ionic salt soluble
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| rules of Aqueous Extractions:: If it is an acid= | add a base to extract
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| rules of Aqueous Extractions:: if it is a base= | add an acid to extract
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| Crystallization | take solute impurities and dissolve in hot solvent; then cool and put on ice; the impurities will be on the top and the crystals (solute of interest) will be on the bottom
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| Chromatography- 2 kinds | TLC= Thin Layer Chromatography;;; Gas Chromatography (GC)
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| TLC | Uses a TLC plate that is made of silica ( polar gel).
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| TLC uses what equation for distance traveled? | Rf= distance spot traveled/ distance to solvent front
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| The least polar in TLC travels the _____? | furthest; held on silica plate least
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| The most polar in TLC travels the _____? | least; held on to silica plate longer b/c the plate is polar and IT is polar.
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| Low Rf value in TLC= | most polar (traveled the least)
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| Highest possible Rf value in TLC= | 1
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| Lowest possible Rf value in TLC= | 0
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| WHEN you use a VERY polar solvent in TLC... | everything travels furthest
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| TLC seperates? | polar from non polar solvents. CHeck impurities for pure substances
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| Gas Chromatogrphy (GC) is used to exploit | B.P.
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| In GC, things with low BP= | spend alot more time in gas phase and blow through tube faster
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| In GC, things with HIGH BP= | spend time condensed in wall and take alot more to blow through tube
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| In GC, shorter retention time and get eluded first? | lower BP
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| In GC, longer rentention time and get eluded last? | higher BP
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| SImple distillation exploits? | BP
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| Simple Distillation uses a ? | Hickman head
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| Simple Distillation seperates _____ and ____ when heated | Ether ( which is collected in Hickman head) and water
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| Ether has a _____ BP and _____ VP compared to H2O | low, high VP
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| In what order does something distill? | things with lower BP and intermolecular forces distill first
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| What are the 2 types of distillation? | 1. simple 2. fractional
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| What type of distillation is good for things with big differences in BP? | Simple
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| what type of distillation is good for things with similiar BP? | Fractional (get a purer sample than simple)
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| What happens in fractional distillation? | you have a tube with beads and it goes through many cycles of vaporization and condensation.
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| IR causes light to? | stretch or bend bonds; show functional groups
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| IR of alcohol (OH-) | 3400
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| IR of C=O (carbonyl) | 1700
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| IR of Carboxylic acid ( OH-) | 1700 & 3500- 2500 (alot of peaks)
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| IR of Aldehyde | 1700 & 2800 - 2700 (2 peaks big)
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| IR of Ketone | 1700 & 1710
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| IR of Ester | 1700 & 1000-1300 & 1735
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| IR of Primary Amine ( R-NH2) | 2 peaks @ 3400
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| IR of Secondary Amine (R1-NH-R2) | 1 peak @ 3400
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| IR of Tertiary Amine ( R1, R2, R3- N) | NO PEAKS for N-H
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| IR of C[triple bond]C | 2100-2300
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| IR of C[triple bond]N | 2100-2300
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| NMR that does chemical shift, integration, & splitting | 1H NMR
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| NMR that does ONLY chemical shift | 13C NMR
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| In NMR----> # of peaks= ? | N+1
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| In NMR ----> # of neighbors= | N
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| D2O replaces | OH and NH with OD
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| parasubstitution= | 2 doublets representing 2 H each
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| Cysteine Residue | In a 3 (more likely) or 4 structure. Terminates in a S-H
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| Disulfide bridge formed by Oxidation, has london Dispersion forced that aid in folding | Cysteine Residue
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| living creatures only incorporate ____ Amino Acid | L and NOT D
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| Amino Acids are polar, but their side chains(R) can change them into.... | polar side chain= polar AA; nonpolar side chain= non polar AA
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| Amide= | NOT basic
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| RNH2= | Basic
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| RCH2COOH= | Acidic
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| Basic AA= | lysine & Arginine
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| Acidic AA= | Aspartic Acid
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| R-NH3+ | R group attached to AA. It is a Basic residue b/c it looks like a conjugate acid, but it is not b/c it has already acted as a base
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| R-CH2COO- | R group attached to AA. It is a Acidic residue b/c it looks like a conjugate base, but it is not b/c it has already acted as an acid
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| Acidic residues | Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid
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| all human and animal AA are derived from | L glyceraldehyde
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| all animal carbs are formed from | D glyceraldehyde
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| Bacteria cell was have ____ configuration | D
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| what happens if u stop eating carbs? | glycogen is broken down in the liver and H2O is removed
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| Monosubstituted= | 5 H --- 3H+2H
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| Carbs are Monosacharides=GGF | GLUCOSE; FRUCTOSE; GALACTOSE
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| OLIGOSACHARIDES (more than 1 sacharide)= DSL | DISSACHARIDES; SUCROSE; LACTOSE
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| suffix for simple sugars= | -ose
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| Sucrose= SUCR= GF | GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
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| Lactose= LAC GG (gucci) | Glucose + Galactose
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| Polysacharides | 1. Starches 2. Chitiin 3. Cellulose 4. Glycogen (stored in liver)
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| Aldehyde in glucose= | Aldose + sugar
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| Organisms incorporate _____ sugars | D sugars , not L
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| Ketone in glucose | Ketose + sugar
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| Ketohexose= | 6 C in chain , -ose means sugar so it has alot of -OH's attached
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| Aldopentose= | 5 C in chain
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| Anomneric Carbon ( found in Hemiacetal/ketal) | bonded to 2 O, is chiral in the CYCLIC form, but not in the linear form
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| The non hydrogen group connected to the Anomeric carbon, POINTS DOWN | Alpha (think ALPHA...looks like a fish...so it swims DOWN in the ocean)
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| The non hydrogen group connected to the Anomeric carbon, POINTS UP | Beta
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| When writing Hemiacetal/ ketals from linear form....if the OH is on the right side, then it points | down (think SIT RIGHT DOWN)
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| When writing Hemiacetal/ ketals from linear form....if the OH is on the left side, then it points | Up
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| Hemi-acetal | formed from an aldehyde sugar
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| hemi- ketal | formed from a ketone sugar
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| In all Hemi's the alpha C (carbon next to the Carbonyl group) is bonded to | OH OR
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| Acetal/Ketal--- | the Hemi is lost when an alcohol comes in under acidic conditions and takes off the alpha OH, leaving Methoxy group instead.
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| Alcohols + Alcohols do not react during ACIDIC CONDITIONS, UNLESS.... | one alcohol is attached to a Hemiacetal/ketal
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| In open chain sugars, Ketose & Aldose are REDUCING SUGARS By? | Ag+ (Ag+ gets reduced)
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| Ag+ | oxidizing agent---> oxidizes Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids
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| Hemiacetal & Hemiketal are | REDUCING SUGARS
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| Acetal & Ketal & cyclic anything that is not a hemiacetal/ketal) are | NON reducing sugars
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| reducing sugars react with ? | Ag+
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| Oxygen included in a 5 member ring= | Pyranose
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| Saponification = | hydrolysis rxn
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| Cholesterol is a precursor to (3 things) | 1. Steroids, 2. Estrogen 3. Testosterone
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| What biomolecule decreases membrane fluidity? | Cholesterol (lower Tm <melting temp> )
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| Are cholesterol polar or non polar | non polar
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| How is DNA different from RNA? | DNA lacks a -OH group bonded to the 2C
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| ATP+H2O= | ADP ...Endothermic rxn b/c it consumes energy when the bonds are broken
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| Pyrophosphate | when 2 of the phosphate groups of ATP are broken off
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| PPi + H2O = | 2Pi
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| glucose +ADP + Pi= | Exothermic rxn b/c bonds are being made so energy is being released
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| Nucleophilic Addition | 1. Aldehydes and 2. Ketones (KANA)
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| Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution | 1. Esters and 2. Amides ( NASA- E)
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| Electrophilic Addition | 1. Alkenes and 2. Alkynes ( EAAA)
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| Electrophilic Substitution | 1. Aromatic (ESA)
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| LiALH4 is a _____ agent | reducing
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| LiALH4 converts aldehydes into | primary alcohols
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| LiALH4 converts carboxylic acids into | primary alcohols
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| LiALH4 converts ketones into | secondary alcohols
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| C=N | Imine
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| NH4+ | soluble
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| 4 groups of biomolecules | 1. proteins 2. Carbs 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Lipids
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