APUSH Unit 7 Vocab
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| Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660 - 1783 | A book published in 1890 argued naval power was crucial to a nation’s dominance
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| Theodore Roosevelt | The 26th President of the U.S (1901, 1909), expand America’s role and prestige overseas
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| Queen Liliuokalani | The last queen of the kingdom of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 by American business interests
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| William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World | Two newspapers known for sensationalized reporting, contributing to the rise of yellow journalism (The New York Journal)
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| Yellow Journalism | Sensationalized and often inaccurate reporting, characterized by eye catching headlines and exaggerated stories, aimed at increasing newspaper sales
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| De Lome letter | Letter written by the Spanish Ambassador to the US, criticized president McKinley, leading to increased tensions between the US and Spain during the Spanish American War
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| Teller Amendment | Resolution passed By the US Congress in 1898, declared that the US had no intention of annexing Cuba following the Spanish American War
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| George Dewey | US naval officer who is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish American War
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| Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against Spanish and American colonization of the Philippines
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| Rough Riders | Volunteer cavalry (Soldiers fought on horseback) unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
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| Dr. Walter Reed | US Army Physician who confirmed that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes
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| Open Door Policy | A US foreign policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for equal trading rights in China
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| William Howard Taft | The 27th President of the US (1909 - 1913), known for his “dollar diplomacy” foreign policy and later served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
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| Dollar Diplomacy | US foreign policy under President Taft that emphasized economic investment and trade in Latin America and East Asia as a means of promoting AMerican interests. (Lent money to foreign countries -> decisions for gov. )
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| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine | Extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the US’s right to intervene in Latin American Affairs to maintain stability.
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| Social Gospel | Applied Christian principles to social problems emphasizing the importance of social justice and reform
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| Settlement Houses | Community centers in urban areas, run by the middle class offering social services and education to immigrants or urban poor.
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| Jane Adams | Social reformer and activist who co founded HUll House in Chicago the first settlement houses in the US
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| Muckrakers | Journalists and writers who exposed corruption and social injustices in American society during the Progressive Era
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| Taylorism | A system of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, aimed at increasing efficiency and productivity in industrial workplaces
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| Social Justice | The fair and equitable distribution of wealth
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| Florence Kelley | A social reformer and advocate for labor rights particularly known for her work on behalf of child labor laws
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| Gifford Pinchot: | A conservationist and the first Chief of the US Forest Service
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| New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive political [platform, advocating for increased gov. Regulation of corporations and welfare programs
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| 16th Amendment | Ratified in 1913, impose tax
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| 17th Amendment | Ratified in 1913, direct votes for US senators
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| 18th Amendment | Ratified in 1919, prohibition temperance
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| “Bull Moose” Progressive Party | political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt for the 1912 presidential election, promoting progressive reforms
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| Woodrow Wilson | 28th President of the United States known for his progressive domestic agenda and leadership during WW1
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| Moral Diplomacy | Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy approach which emphasized promoting democracy and moral principles in international relations
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| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson’s domestic policy platform advocating for antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction
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| Election of 1912 | Presidential election featuring Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard, Taft, and Eugene V Debs. Wilson won.
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| Alice Paul Carrie Chapman Catt | Leaders of the women’s suffrage mov in the US, advocating for the passage of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote
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| 19th Amendment: | Ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote in the US
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| Margaret Sanger | American birth control activist and founder of the organization that later became planned parenthood
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| Francisco Pancho Villa | Mexican revolutionary leader who was active during the Mexican Revolution and later become involved in raids against the US
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| John J. Pershing | American general who commanded the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during WW1
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| Industrial War | Used to describe the significant involvement of industrial production and tech in modern warfare, particularly during WW1
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| Unterseeboot | German term for a submarine, commonly abbreviated as U-boat
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| Food Administration | Gov. agency established during WW1 to oversee the production and distribution of food supplies and encourage food conservation
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| Committee on Public Information | A US gov. Agency responsible for shaping public opinion in support of the war effort during WW1
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| George Creel | American journalist and politician who led the committee on public information during WW1
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| Bolsheviks | Fraction of the Russian SOcial Democratic labor party, led by Vladimir Lenin, which eventually seized power during the Russian Rev. of 1917 and established a communist government.
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| Fourteen Points | A set of principles outlined by President Woodrom WIlson in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations to end WW1
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| League of Nations | International organization established after WW1 to promote peace and cooperation among nations, although the US ultimately did not join
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| Henry Cabot Lodge | US senator and leading opponent of the League of Nations, who advocated for amendments to the Treaty of Versailles
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| Reparations | Payments made by a defeated nation to compensate for damages caused during a war, particularly referring to the payments required for Germany after WW1
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| Spanish Flu | Deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918 - 1919, causing millions of deaths
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| A. Mitchell Palmer | US attorney General known for his effort to combat radicalism during the First Red Scare including the Palmer Raids
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| First Red Scare | Period of intense anti communist hysteria and government repression in the US following WW1
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| Palmer Raids | Gov. raids conducted in the US in 1919-1920 to arrest and deport suspected radical and anarchists
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| Nativism | A political and social mov. Against immigrants
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| Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti | Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted and executed for murder amid widespread controversy and claims of injustice
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| Fundamentalism vs. Traditionalism | A cultural and religious conflict in the US during the early 20th century, particularly regarding the teaching of evolution in schools
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| “Scarface” Al Capone: | Notorious American gangster and crime boss during the Prohibition era
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| Roaring 20s | A period of economic prosperity, cultural change, and social liberation in the US during the 1920s
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| Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, whose theories had a significant influence on psychology and culture in the 20th century
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| Great Migration | Mass movement of African Americans form the rural South tot urban areas in the North and West of the US during the early 20th century
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| Harlem Renaissance | Cultural social and artistic movement center in Harlem, New Tork during the 1920s, celebrating African American culture and heritage
“Jazz Age”
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| Marcus Garvey | Jamaican born leader of the Pan Africanism movement, advocating for the unity and empowerment of black ppl worldwide
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| Assembly Line Process | A manufacturing method in which products are assembled in a sequential and repetitive manner, increasing efficiency and reducing costs
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| Model T Ford | The first mass produced automobile, manufacture by the Ford Motor Company and introduced in 1908
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| Modernism | A cultural dna artist movement characterized by a break from traditional forms and conventions, prevalent in literature, art, and architecture in teh early 20th century
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| Warren G. Harding | the 29th President of the United states (1921 - 1123), known for his administration's corruption scandals
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| “Return to Normalcy” | Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan, promising a return to stability and normalcy after the upheavals of WW1 and the PRogressive Era
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| Andrew W. Mellon | American banker, businessman, and Secretary of the Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
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| Ohio Gang | A group of political appointees and advisors associated with President Harding’s administration known for their corruption and scandals
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| Teapot Dome | A bribery scandal during the Harding administration involving the leasing of federal oil reserves in exchange for personal gain
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| Calvin “Silent Cal” Coolidge | The 30th President of the US (1923-1929), known for his conservative policies and reserved demeanor
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| Herbert Hoover | The 31st President of the US (1929-1933), whose presidency was over saved by the great depression
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| McNary-Haugen Bill | A proposed legislation aimed to provide federal price support to the farmers by buying surplus crops and selling them aboard by the gov.
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| Alfred E. Smith | Served as the Governor of New York and was the Democratic Party’s candidate for president in 1928, first Catholic
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| Great Depression | A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, widespread of unemployment, poverty, and a sharps decline in industrial production and trade
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| Buying (stock) on Margin | Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, using the purchased securities as collateral for the loan, contributed to the stock market crash asn onset of the Great Depression
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | A government agency established din 193 during Hoover administration to provide financial support to banks, railroads, and other businesses during the Great depression
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| Bonus Expeditionary Force | Group of WW1 veterans who marched on Washington DC in 1932 to demand immediate payment of a bonus promised by the government. Dispersed by the US army
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| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 32nd President (1933-1945) known for his leadership during the Great Depression and WW2. Implemented the New Deal programs to address the economic crisis
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| 21st Amendment | ratified in 1933 that repealed the 18th Amendment, thus ending Prohibition and allowing for the legal sale and consumption of alcohol
First New Deal
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| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | A New Deal program enacted in 1933 that aimed to raise crop prices by reducing agricultural surpluses through gov. Subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit production
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| Dust Bowl | A severe drought and dust storms that occurred in the Great plain legion of the US during the 930, leading to widespread agricultural devastation and displacement of farmers
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| National Industrial Recovery Act | A severe drought and dust storms that occurred in the Great plain legion of the US during the 930, leading to widespread agricultural devastation and displacement of farmers
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| National Recovery Administration | A New deal program enacted in 1933 to simulate economic recovery by establishing industry codes tha set wages, prices and working conditions, and by encouraging collective bargaining
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| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady of the US during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, known for her social activism, advocacy for civil rights and women’s rights, and humanitarian efforts
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| Huey P. Long | American politician and governor of Louisiana known for this populist and radical policies proposed to Share the Wealth Program as a means redistribute wealth and alleviate poverty during the Great Depression
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| Share-the-Wealth Program | Redistribution through taxation of the rich and movement provision of guaranteed incomes and benefits for the poor
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| Second New Deal | 935-1936 focused on further relief measures, social reforms, and economic stimulus.
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| Federal Writers’ Project | A New Deal program established in 1935 under the Works Progress Administration (WPA) that provided employment to writers, editors, and researchers to produce written works such as state and regional guidebooks, oral histories, and folklore collections.
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| “Good Neighbor” Policy | A foreign policy approach adopted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, emphasizing non-intervention and cooperation with Latin American countries, in contrast to earlier US interventions in the region.
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| Benito Mussolini, “II Duce” | Italian dictator who founded the Fascist Party and served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943. "Il Duce" means "the Leader" in Italian.
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| Adolf Hitler, “Fuhrer” | German dictator and leader of the Nazi Party, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and as Führer (leader) from 1934 until his death in 1945.
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| National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party | A far-right political party founded in Germany in 1920, led by Adolf Hitler, and known for its extreme nationalist, racist, and anti-Semitic ideology.
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| Winston Churchill | British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, known for his leadership during the war and his speeches rallying the British people.
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| Joseph Stalin | Soviet leader who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and as Premier of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.
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| Blitzkrieg (the Blitz) | A military strategy employed by the German armed forces during World War II, characterized by rapid and coordinated attacks using combined arms (infantry, armor, and air support) to achieve swift victories.
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| Lend-Lease Act | A program enacted by the United States in 1941, prior to its entry into World War II, to provide military aid and supplies to allied nations, particularly the United Kingdom, China, and the Soviet Union.
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| Atlantic Charter | A joint declaration issued by FDR and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941, outlining their vision for the post-World War II world, including principles of self-determination, disarmament, and international cooperation.
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| Women’s Army Corps | A women's branch of the United States Army established during World War II, which provided non-combat roles to women in the military, including clerical, administrative, and technical positions.
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| Tuskegee Airmen | The first African American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces, who served during World War II in the racially segregated Tuskegee Airmen program, primarily in the European theater.
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| Dwight D. Eisenhower | American general and Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, who later served as the 34th President of the United States (1953-1961).
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| Operation Overlord | The codename for the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, during World War II, also known as D-Day, which marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi occupation.
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| Yalta Conference | A meeting held in February 1945 between the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom (Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, respectively) to discuss post-World War II Europe and the reorganization of Germany.
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| “Final Solution” | The Nazi regime's plan to exterminate European Jews during WW2, resulting in the Holocaust, the systematic genocide of approximately six million Jews.
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| United Nations | Delegated from 50 nations assembled the United Nations in 1945.
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| Island Hopping | Holding Japanese posts by hopping between the islands of the Pacific.
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| Dwight Eisenhower | US General that led Operation Torch to drive Axis out of North Africa.
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| Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) | Court said that internment camps were ok during wartime.
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| War Production Board (WPB) | Established to manage war industries.
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| Office of Price Administration (OPA) | Regulated money and rationed commodities to fight inflation.
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| Lend-Lease Act | Ended Cash/Carry and instead just lend the arms to the Brits on credit.
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| Good Neighbor Policy | US won’t meddle in Latin American affairs, but if Europe attacks they’ll help.
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| ndependence of the Philippines | Roosevelt got Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which granted the Philippines independence in 1934.
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| First New Deal | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Regulated stock market.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA): Insured bank loans for building, repair, and purchase.
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| Second New Deal | Second New Deal:
Works Progress Administration (WPA): Spent billions of dollars to provide jobs.
Resettlement Administration (RA): Placed under the direction of the Brain Trust, it provided loans and established federal camps for migrants
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| New Deal | 3 R’s: Social relief, economic recovery, political reform.
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| Ku Klux Klan (1915) | Not like the original KKK in that they were pretty strong in the Midwest along with the South. They killed anyone who were “un-American” (Black people, immigrants, etc).
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| Birth of a Nation | A silent film that portrayed the Reconstruction-era KKK as heroes, which recruited more people into the 1920s KKK.
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| Scopes Trial | John Scopes, a Tennessee biology teacher, taught Darwin’s theory of evolution in school, which was illegal in the South. He was arrested and put on trial.
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| Fundamentalism | Protestants who take everything in the bible literally and does not believe in evolution.
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| Modernism | Protestants who view the bible with a critical lens and believes in evolution.
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| Schenck v. United States (1919) | Ruled that the Espionage Act is constitutional.
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| Fourteen Points | Recognize freedom of the seas.
No more secret treaties.
Reduce national weapons.
“Impartial adjustment on colonial claims.”
Self-determination.
Remove trade barriers.
“A general association of nations” (League of Nations).
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| Platt Amendment | Required Cuba to agree
To never sign treaties with foreign nations.
Let the US mess with it.
Let the US have naval bases in Cuba.
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