Patho1Liver
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| show | a long tube from the mouth to the anus. Gastrointestinal tract. And the accessory organs.
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| The digestive system is the way we obtain nutrients. So it will go through a continuous process consisting of ingestion: | show 🗑
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| Digestion is the process by which we transform the nutrients into... | show 🗑
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| show | Absorption.
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| show | Liver first.
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| show | Because all the digestive venous blood goes through the liver first for the purpose of filtering and metabolic processes.
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| show | From there will go to the cardiac veins: inferior vena cava.
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| 2 types of movement in the digestive system: | show 🗑
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| What is the only function of the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| The main definition for peristalsis is... | show 🗑
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| show | Segmentation, churning, and mastication.
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| Two types of digestion: | show 🗑
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| What gets mechanically digested in the mouth? | show 🗑
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| What gets digested in the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| show | Selective.
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| Chemical digestion is the other part of digestion. It is also trying to... | show 🗑
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| show | Digestive enzymes.
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| We have mechanical digestion of all nutrients in the mouth and chemical digestion of... | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| show | Digestion.
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| show | Stops.
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| show | Proteins.
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| show | Pepsin and HCl.
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| show | It is secreted in the stomach.
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| show | The first step is denaturation which happens very quickly in the presence of very acidic conditions.
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| Pepsin-peptitic bond in protein. In the stomach: mechanical for all, chemical for... | show 🗑
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| Highly acidic partially digested stuff called <chyme> goes to the small intestine. It is highly acidic so it has to go <blank>. | show 🗑
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| show | Pyloric sphinchter.
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| What is the purpose of the pyloric sphinchter? | show 🗑
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| show | All nutrients.
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| Here we resume the chemical digestion of carbohydrates(started in the mouth) and continue the chemical digestion of protein from the stomach and start the chemical digestion of fats. | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| show | True.
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| Histologically: stomach: mucus has holes or depressions known as... | show 🗑
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| There are different epithelial cells lining gastric pits: | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of mucous neck cells? | show 🗑
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| Proteins are digested by the combo of... | show 🗑
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| show | Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor.
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| What does pepsinogen do? | show 🗑
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| show | required for the absorption of vitamin B-12(extrinsic factor) this is indespinsible in the production of RBCs.
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| Without Vit B-12 you cannot make proper erythrocites and you will suffer from pernicious anemia. Where do you get Vit B 12? | show 🗑
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| show | Produce HCl.
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| show | Absorption.
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| What does the small intestine have to help increase surface area? | show 🗑
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| show | One vascular component (capillaries, arterial and venous) and a central lacteal (vessel-like structure).
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| show | So the lacteal is for absorption of excess of water and substances that cannot be absorbed by the capillaries and also the fat because fat cannot be absorbed directly by the capillaries so it is absorbed by the lacteal.
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| The connection in the point of excretion for both pancreas and liver: | show 🗑
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| The pancreas is a dual organ with an... | show 🗑
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| What is the exocrine(not going directly into the bloodstream) function of the pancreas? | show 🗑
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| What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? | show 🗑
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| Pancreas have several ducts: | show 🗑
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| The head of the pancreas is close to the duodenum and... | show 🗑
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| show | Common hepatic duct.
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| The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the... | show 🗑
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| The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form the... | show 🗑
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| The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at the... | show 🗑
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| show | Gallbladder.
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| show | Cystic duct.
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| show | the common bile duct.
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| Hepatic duct to... | show 🗑
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| True or false: Bile goes to small intestine to digest fat. Spleen which is hematological/immune organ not related to digestion at all. | show 🗑
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| Action of bile: | show 🗑
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| show | Help with digestion of fats.
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| Liver has four lobes: | show 🗑
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| What is the largest lobe of the liver? | show 🗑
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| Functional unit of the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | Not much in a healthy person.
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| show | Central vein.
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| show | Hepatic veins.
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| show | Intraperitoneal. Located in the right hypochondriac region.
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| show | Its superior portion is in contact with the inferior portion of the diaphragm and the gallbladder is located in the inferior region of the organ.
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| What are the 4 functions of the liver? | show 🗑
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| Structure of the liver lobule(like 4 hepatic lobules) is constructed around central vein, each consisting of plates of hepatic cells called... | show 🗑
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| show | Sinusoids.
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| show | True.
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| show | The liver.
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| show | A series of channels which are called sinusoids.
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| show | False. And at BOTH SIDES of hepatocyte we have sinusoids. That means that a liver cell has access to blood all the time from both sides. This is because the function of the cells is to work with the blood circulating there.
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| Blood comes not from the central vein, but comes from the outside in a structure known as <blank>. These are a branch of the hepatic artery which brings arterial, oxygenated blood to the sinusoids. | show 🗑
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| show | A branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and the bile cannuliculi or bile duct.
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| show | To bring oxygenated blood to the sinusoids.
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| What is the purpose of the branch of the hepatic portal vein in the triad? | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of the bile cannuliculi or bile duct in the triad? | show 🗑
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| show | True. Blood comes from the tirad toward the central vein, while bile is coming from the central part to the triad.
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| All the central veins join to form finally the <blank> which drain the venous blood from the liver. | show 🗑
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| show | Right and left hepatic ducts.
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| In the sinusoids we have some cells known as <blank>. These are like cleaning and part of the immune system, the leukocytes. | show 🗑
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| show | They are in the sinusoids and are cleaning and part of the immune system.
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| The Kupfer cells work so well that only <blank> of pathogens get into the central vein. | show 🗑
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| Sinusoids and cells around them are always in contact with... | show 🗑
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| Every minute <blank> of blood flows from the portal vein into the liver sinuses and <blank> of arterial blood making a total of. | show 🗑
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| How much CO for the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | 33%.
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| show | 450 mL, 10%.
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| Liver converts glucose into glycogen and glycogen into glucose and also stores... | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal muscles.
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| We store excess energy as... | show 🗑
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| show | Glucose and fructose.
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| What is lactose? | show 🗑
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| show | Glucose and glucose.
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| We have 2 types of essential carbohydrates: | show 🗑
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| show | Making nucleic acids and ATP formation, nutrition.
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| Liver converts one type of <blank> into another. | show 🗑
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| Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates like fats and proteins is <blank> and is done in the liver. | show 🗑
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| Long chains of maltose form... | show 🗑
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| Lactic acid is eliminated (converted into glucose) in the liver in the... | show 🗑
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| What does the Cori cycle do? | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatic problems.
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| Metabolism of fats in the liver: Fats are 3 different types: | show 🗑
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| Fats can’t be transported alone they must be combined with a protein called the... | show 🗑
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| Where are lipoproteins formed? | show 🗑
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| There is an organ which normally uses fatty acids mostly for metabolism instead of glucose: | show 🗑
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| The liver will directly oxidize fats in order to... | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| show | 80.
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| What are the liver's two crucial functions related to protein metabolism? | show 🗑
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| show | Removing the amino group from the amino acid.
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| What is transamination? | show 🗑
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| show | Accumulate urea. And if things are bad we have hepatic encephalopathy.
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| Once liver removes the amino from the amino acid (deamination) it converts the nitrogen into... | show 🗑
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| True or false: Except for the 8 essential acids which cannot be synthesized by the liver and must be taken in from the outside, the liver can transform(make) any amino acid that we need. | show 🗑
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| Formation of plasma proteins. All of them are produced by the liver. They are... | show 🗑
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