Addressing the Network: IPv4
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| Address pool | The range of IP addresses that can be assigned by the DHCP server.
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| Administratively scoped addresses | An IPv4 multicast address that is restricted to a local group or organization.
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| AND | One of 3 basic binary logic operations. ANDing yields the following results: 1 AND 1 = 1 | 1 AND 0 = 0 | 0 AND 1 = 0 | 0 AND 0 = 0
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| Broadcast Address | An address used to represent a transmission from one device to all devices. In Ethernet, FFF.FFF.FFF is used as a destination MAC address to cause a frame to be sent to all the devices on the subnet.
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| Classful Addressing | An IPv4 addressing scheme that uses a subnet mask that does not follow classful addressing limitations. It provides increased flexibility when dividing ranges of IP addresses into separate networks.
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| Classless Addressing | A unicast IP address that is considered to have 3 parts: network part, subnet part, and a host part. Classful addressing is not generally practiced in current network implementations.
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| Digital Logic | Also known as Boolean algebra. These consist of the AND, OR, and IF operations.
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| Directed broadcast | A term that describes IPv4 packets sent to all hosts in a particular network. In a directed broadcast, a single copy of the packet is routed to the specified network, where it is broadcasted to all hosts on that network.
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| Dotted decimal | A convention for writing IP addresses with four decimal numbers, ranging from 0 to 255, with each octet (each decimal number) representing 8 bits of the 32 bit IP address.
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| Globally scoped addresses | Unique addresses that are public domain addresses.
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| High-order bits | The portion of a binary number that carries the most weight, the one written farthest to the left. High-order bits are the 1s in the network mask.
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| Internet Backbone | A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. The term is often used to describe the main network connections compromising the Internet.
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| Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) | As part of the TCP/IP internet layer, ICMP defines protocol messages used to inform network engineers of how well an internetwork is working. Used to troubleshoot nodes via commands like PING and TRACEROUTE.
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| Limited broadcast | A broadcast that is sent to a specific network or series of networks.
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| Limited-scope Addresses | An IPv4 multicast address that is restricted to a local group or organization.
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| Link-local Addresses | An IPv4 address in the range of 169.254.1.0 to 169.254.254.255. Communication using these addresses is used with a TTL of 1 and limited to the local network.
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| Loopback | A special reserved IPv4 address, 127.0.0.1, that can be used to test TCP/IP applications.
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| Low-order bits | Represents the 0 in the binary number. In an IP subnet mask, the low-order bits represent the host portion. Sometimes called the host portion of bits.
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| Most significant bit | The bit position in a binary number having the greatest value. The most significant bit is sometimes referred to as the leftmost bit.
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| Multicast Client | A member of a multicast group. Every multicast client in each group has the same IP address. Multicast addresses begin with 224.*.*.* and end with 239.*.*.*
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| Multicast Group | A group that receives a multicast transmission. The members of a multicast group have the same IP multicast IP addressing to receive the same transmission (a one to many transmission).
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| Network Address Translation (NAT) | Translation of RFC 1918 addresses to public domain addresses. Allows private IP addresses to masquerade behind a public IP address.
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| Network Time Protocol (NTP) | A protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched data networks. NTP uses UDP power 123 as its transport layer.
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| Positional notation | Sometimes called place-value notation, this is a numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a constant multiplier, a common ratio, called the base or radix of that numeral system.
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| Prefic Length | In IP subnetting, this refers to the portion of a set of IP addresses whose value must be identical for the addresses to be in the same subnet.
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| Private Addresses | Defined in RFC 1918, an IP address that does not have to be globally unique because the address exists inside a single private IP internetwork.
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| Public Addresses | An IP address that has been registered with IANA or one of its member agencies, which guarantees that the address is globally unique.
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| radix | The number of various unique digits, including 0, that a positional numeral system uses to represent numbers. For example, in the binary system, (base 2), the radix is 2. In the decimal system (base 10), the radix is 10.
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| Regional Internet Registries (RIR) | Organizations that are responsible for the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world. ARIN, RIPE, APNIC, LACNIN, AfriNIC
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| Reserved link-local addresses | The IPv4 multicast addresses 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255. These addresses are to be used for multicast groups on a local network. Packets to these destinations are always tramitted with a TTL value of 1.
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| Round-trip Time (RTT) | The time required for some networking PDUs to be sent and received, and a response PDU to be sent and received.
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| Scope | The extent of a certain item. ie., and address scope is also known as a range of addresses from the beginning of the range to the end.
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| Slash Format | A method of expressing a network prefix. It uses a forward slash (/) followed by a network prefix such as 192.168.254.0/24. This /24 represents the 24-bit network prefix in slash format.
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| Test-net Addresses | The IPv4 address block 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24) that is set aside for teaching and learning purposes. These addresses can be used in documentation and network examples.
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| What subnet mask would be used with the hosts in the 128.107.176.0/22 network? | 255.255.252.0
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| You have been assigned the address block 10.255.255.224/28 to create the network addresses for PTP WAN links. How many of these WANs can you support with this address block? 1, 4, 7, or 14? | The answer is 4, .224, .228, .232, and .236
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| What defines an IPv4 logical network? | Hosts with the same network portion of their IPv4 address.
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| Name and state the purpose of the three types of IPv4 addresses. | Network Address: The address by which you refer to the network. Broadcast Address: A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network. Host Address: The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network.
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| What distinguishes each of the three types of IPv4 addresses? | Network Address: Lowest address in the network; 0s in the host portion of the address. Host Address: Host bits are a unique mix of 1s and 0s within a network. Broadcast Address: Uses the highest address in the network range. The host portion is all 1s.
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| List the 3 forms of IPv4 communication. | Unicast: Sending a packet from one host to an individual host. Broadcast: Sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network. Multicast: Sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts.
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| List the purpose of having specified ranges of IPv4 addresses for public and private use. | Specified private addresses allow network administrators to allocate addresses to those hosts that do not need to access the Internet.
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| List 3 reasons for planning and documenting IPv4 addresses. | Preventing duplication of addresses, Providing and controlling access, Monitoring security and performance.
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| Cite examples where network administrators should statically assign IPv4 addresses. | Servers, printers, LAN gateway addresses on routers, management addresses on network devices such as switches and wireless APs.
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| What was the primary motivation for the development of IPv6? | The lack of IPv4 addresses in the future is what spurred IPv6 development.
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| What is the purpose of the subnet mask in IPv4 addressing? | Network devices use the subnet mask to determine the network or subnet address of an IP address that the device is processing.
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| List factors to consider when planning an IPv4 addressing scheme. | Grouping based on common geographic location, Grouping hosts used for specific purposes, Grouping base on ownership.
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| What are three tests that use the ping utility to test and verify the operation of a host? | Ping 127.0.0.1: Loopback test to test IP operation, Ping the host gateway address or another host on the same network to determine communication on local network, Ping a host on a remote network to test gateway and beyond.
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