Bio 101 - UW Madison
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scala naturae | Organization structure of all living and non-living things
🗑
|
||||
| Catastrophism | Theory that major disturbances cause change
🗑
|
||||
| Uniformitarianism | Theory that gradual change over time is due to natural processes
🗑
|
||||
| Inheritance of acquired traits | The driving mechanism for evolution
🗑
|
||||
| Extant | Modern day; currently living
🗑
|
||||
| Endemic | Unique to a defined geographic location
🗑
|
||||
| Heritable | Able to be inherited through genetics
🗑
|
||||
| Homologous structures | Functionally different features with similar construction due to common ancestry
🗑
|
||||
| Molecular homology | Similarities between species on the molecular level
🗑
|
||||
| Analogous structure | Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and do not derive from a common ancestral feature
🗑
|
||||
| Convergent evolution | The process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs
🗑
|
||||
| Biogeography | Study of spatial distribution of biological diversity
🗑
|
||||
| Neutral variation | Genetic material that is not subject to natural selection
🗑
|
||||
| Microevolution | Small scale changes in a single gene
🗑
|
||||
| Fixed allele | An allele that is the only variant that exists for a gene in a population
🗑
|
||||
| Polymorphism | Two or more versions of a trait are present for a species
🗑
|
||||
| Mutation | Causes new alleles and therefore changes in a population's allele frequencies
🗑
|
||||
| Genetic drift | Effects of random chance on a population
🗑
|
||||
| Founder effect | A few individuals start a new population. Causes reduced genetic variability
🗑
|
||||
| Bottleneck effect | Population decreases and then increases. Causes reduced genetic variability
🗑
|
||||
| Directional selection | One extreme version of a trait is favored
🗑
|
||||
| Diversifying selection | Extreme phenotypes are favored
🗑
|
||||
| Stabilizing selection | Average phenotypes are favored
🗑
|
||||
| Sexual selection | "Just because you survive doesn't mean you reproduce"
🗑
|
||||
| Biological species concept | Defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
🗑
|
||||
| Morphological species concept | Defines a species as a group of organisms that are morphologically similar to one another and are distinct from other similar groups
🗑
|
||||
| Argument from authority | Defines a species as "whatever the expert says"
🗑
|
||||
| Ring species | (remember the Trouble board species)
🗑
|
||||
| Allopatric speciation | Part of the population becomes geographically separated
🗑
|
||||
| Sympatric speciation | The species is unaffected by geographic isolation
🗑
|
||||
| Polyploidy | A condition where an organism acquires an extra set of chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Hybrid zone | Areas where distinct populations mate and leave hybrid offspring
🗑
|
||||
| Gradualism | Big changes reflect slow, steady change
🗑
|
||||
| Punctuated equilibrium | Long periods of little change interrupted by short periods of rapid change
🗑
|
||||
| Adaptive radiation | Relatively rapid increase in new species
🗑
|
||||
| Oxygen revolution | 2.7-2.4 billion years ago
🗑
|
||||
| Ecology | Scientific study of interactions among and between organisms and the environment
🗑
|
||||
| Population ecology | The study of populations in relation to their environment
🗑
|
||||
| Clumped dispersion | Individuals aggregated in patches
🗑
|
||||
| Uniform dispersion | Individuals evenly spaced apart
🗑
|
||||
| Random dispersion | Individuals randomly spaced apart
🗑
|
||||
| Sex ratio | Ratio of males:females at conception (primary), birth (secondary), and maturity (tertiary)
🗑
|
||||
| Age structure | Percentage of individuals in different age groups
🗑
|
||||
| Fertility rate | # of offspring / time
🗑
|
||||
| Rate of increase | (birth-death) / population
🗑
|
||||
| Life history | Collection of traits related to growth, reproduction, parental investment, and lifespan
🗑
|
||||
| Generation time | Average amount of time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
🗑
|
||||
| Survivorship | Proportion of individuals alive at each stage
🗑
|
||||
| Survivorship curve types | Type 1: likely to die as an adult; Type 2: likely to die at any stage of life; Type 3: likely to die as a child
🗑
|
||||
| Ecological footprint | The amount of land and water needed to produce all the resources we consume and absorb the waste we produce
🗑
|
||||
| Biocapacity | Amount of biologically productive land and water area available to provide the resources a population consumes
🗑
|
||||
| Community | Individuals of different species that live in the same area
🗑
|
||||
| Assemblage | Related groups within a community
🗑
|
||||
| Species richness | Total number of species in an area
🗑
|
||||
| Relative abundance | Distribution among the different species
🗑
|
||||
| Dominant species | Species with the most abundance or biomass
🗑
|
||||
| Biomass | The total weight of individuals in a defined area
🗑
|
||||
| Foundation species | Habitat forming species, creates physical structure of ecosystem
🗑
|
||||
| Ecosystem engineer | Change the physical environment via mechanical or other means
🗑
|
||||
| Keystone species | Not abundant but play a unique role and exert strong control on community composition
🗑
|
||||
| Predation | +/- interaction that's good for the predator and bad for the prey
🗑
|
||||
| Batesian mimicry | Different species copy patterns of an original species to avoid predation
🗑
|
||||
| Mullerian mimicry | Species benefit from it's own pattern being a signal of toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Aposomatic coloration | Bright coloration that's universally indicative of toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Selfish herd | Method of avoiding predation where a large herd of animals swarms around a predator
🗑
|
||||
| Eyespot mimicry | Pattern being used to scare a potential predator
🗑
|
||||
| Co-evolution | When two or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution through natural selection
🗑
|
||||
| Symbiosis | Interaction between organisms of two different species with direct physical contact
🗑
|
||||
| Mutualism | +/+ interaction which is often obligatory (the species cannot live without each other)
🗑
|
||||
| Endosymbiosis | A species living inside its host
🗑
|
||||
| Parasitism | +/- interaction where a parasite lives in or on a host
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogen | Disease causing microorganism
🗑
|
||||
| Commensalism | +/0 interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected
🗑
|
||||
| Competition | -/- interaction where two or more species rely on the same limited resource
🗑
|
||||
| Competitive exclusion principle | Two species that share the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely
🗑
|
||||
| Niche | The sum of an organism's use of resources in its environment
🗑
|
||||
| Fundamental niche | The greatest possible range of resources
🗑
|
||||
| Realized niche | The portion of the fundamental niche an organism actually uses
🗑
|
||||
| Character displacement | Greater differences in a trait when two species co-occur than when separated
🗑
|
||||
| Resource partitioning | The division of limited resources to reduce competition
🗑
|
||||
| Trophic structure | Who eats what/whom
🗑
|
||||
| Primary producer | (The first trophic level) Any organism that can convert light or chemical energy into organic matter
🗑
|
||||
| Primary consumer | (The second trophic level) Herbivores that eat primary producers
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary consumer | (The third trophic level) Mostly carnivores that eat primary consumers
🗑
|
||||
| Tertiary consumer | (The fourth trophic level) Carnivores that eat secondary consumers
🗑
|
||||
| Omnivory | Organisms that eat at multiple trophic levels
🗑
|
||||
| Detritivory | Organisms eating detritus (material that died naturally, not from being killed)
🗑
|
||||
| Diet shifts | Herbivore at one age and predator at another
🗑
|
||||
| Trophic cascade | Powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems
🗑
|
||||
| Top down control | Predators shape community structure
🗑
|
||||
| Bottom up control | Nutrient availability shapes community structure
🗑
|
||||
| Autotrophy | Producing your own food and using it
🗑
|
||||
| Gross primary production | Rate of production of chemical energy
🗑
|
||||
| Net primary production | Rate of generation of new autotrophic biomass (growth)
🗑
|
||||
| Heterotrophy | Getting energy-rich chemicals from an external source
🗑
|
||||
| Energy pyramid | A graphical representation of the energy found within the trophic levels of an ecosystem
🗑
|
||||
| 10% rule | Only about 10% of energy stored as biomass in a trophic level is passed to the next level
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrient | Element needed to build living organisms
🗑
|
||||
| Macronutrient | Nutrients your body needs in larger amounts (carbs, protein, and fat)
🗑
|
||||
| Micronutrient | Nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts (vitamins and minerals)
🗑
|
||||
| Uptake | The transfer of substances from the environment to plants, animals, and humans
🗑
|
||||
| Mineralization | The conversion of biomass to gaseous form, water, salts, and minerals
🗑
|
||||
| Anthropocene | The period of time during which human activities have impacted the environment enough to constitute a distinct geological change
🗑
|
||||
| Ecosystem services | Any benefit that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people
🗑
|
||||
| Natural capital | The stock of renewable and non-renewable resources that combine to yield benefits to people
🗑
|
||||
| Provisioning services | Any benefit to people that can be extracted from nature
🗑
|
||||
| Regulating services | Any benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena (pollination, decomposition, water purification etc)
🗑
|
||||
| Cultural services | The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems
🗑
|
||||
| Supporting services | Providing living spaces for plants or animals and maintaining diversity
🗑
|
||||
| Red list | Keeps track of species status, mostly plants and vertebrates
🗑
|
||||
| Invasion meltdown | Early invaders alter habitat and open door for more invasion
🗑
|
||||
| Macroevolution | Large scale changes above species levels
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
elizaa_22
Popular Ecology sets