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Bio 101 Exam 4
Bio 101 - UW Madison
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scala naturae | Organization structure of all living and non-living things |
| Catastrophism | Theory that major disturbances cause change |
| Uniformitarianism | Theory that gradual change over time is due to natural processes |
| Inheritance of acquired traits | The driving mechanism for evolution |
| Extant | Modern day; currently living |
| Endemic | Unique to a defined geographic location |
| Heritable | Able to be inherited through genetics |
| Homologous structures | Functionally different features with similar construction due to common ancestry |
| Molecular homology | Similarities between species on the molecular level |
| Analogous structure | Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and do not derive from a common ancestral feature |
| Convergent evolution | The process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs |
| Biogeography | Study of spatial distribution of biological diversity |
| Neutral variation | Genetic material that is not subject to natural selection |
| Microevolution | Small scale changes in a single gene |
| Fixed allele | An allele that is the only variant that exists for a gene in a population |
| Polymorphism | Two or more versions of a trait are present for a species |
| Mutation | Causes new alleles and therefore changes in a population's allele frequencies |
| Genetic drift | Effects of random chance on a population |
| Founder effect | A few individuals start a new population. Causes reduced genetic variability |
| Bottleneck effect | Population decreases and then increases. Causes reduced genetic variability |
| Directional selection | One extreme version of a trait is favored |
| Diversifying selection | Extreme phenotypes are favored |
| Stabilizing selection | Average phenotypes are favored |
| Sexual selection | "Just because you survive doesn't mean you reproduce" |
| Biological species concept | Defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Morphological species concept | Defines a species as a group of organisms that are morphologically similar to one another and are distinct from other similar groups |
| Argument from authority | Defines a species as "whatever the expert says" |
| Ring species | (remember the Trouble board species) |
| Allopatric speciation | Part of the population becomes geographically separated |
| Sympatric speciation | The species is unaffected by geographic isolation |
| Polyploidy | A condition where an organism acquires an extra set of chromosomes |
| Hybrid zone | Areas where distinct populations mate and leave hybrid offspring |
| Gradualism | Big changes reflect slow, steady change |
| Punctuated equilibrium | Long periods of little change interrupted by short periods of rapid change |
| Adaptive radiation | Relatively rapid increase in new species |
| Oxygen revolution | 2.7-2.4 billion years ago |
| Ecology | Scientific study of interactions among and between organisms and the environment |
| Population ecology | The study of populations in relation to their environment |
| Clumped dispersion | Individuals aggregated in patches |
| Uniform dispersion | Individuals evenly spaced apart |
| Random dispersion | Individuals randomly spaced apart |
| Sex ratio | Ratio of males:females at conception (primary), birth (secondary), and maturity (tertiary) |
| Age structure | Percentage of individuals in different age groups |
| Fertility rate | # of offspring / time |
| Rate of increase | (birth-death) / population |
| Life history | Collection of traits related to growth, reproduction, parental investment, and lifespan |
| Generation time | Average amount of time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring |
| Survivorship | Proportion of individuals alive at each stage |
| Survivorship curve types | Type 1: likely to die as an adult; Type 2: likely to die at any stage of life; Type 3: likely to die as a child |
| Ecological footprint | The amount of land and water needed to produce all the resources we consume and absorb the waste we produce |
| Biocapacity | Amount of biologically productive land and water area available to provide the resources a population consumes |
| Community | Individuals of different species that live in the same area |
| Assemblage | Related groups within a community |
| Species richness | Total number of species in an area |
| Relative abundance | Distribution among the different species |
| Dominant species | Species with the most abundance or biomass |
| Biomass | The total weight of individuals in a defined area |
| Foundation species | Habitat forming species, creates physical structure of ecosystem |
| Ecosystem engineer | Change the physical environment via mechanical or other means |
| Keystone species | Not abundant but play a unique role and exert strong control on community composition |
| Predation | +/- interaction that's good for the predator and bad for the prey |
| Batesian mimicry | Different species copy patterns of an original species to avoid predation |
| Mullerian mimicry | Species benefit from it's own pattern being a signal of toxicity |
| Aposomatic coloration | Bright coloration that's universally indicative of toxicity |
| Selfish herd | Method of avoiding predation where a large herd of animals swarms around a predator |
| Eyespot mimicry | Pattern being used to scare a potential predator |
| Co-evolution | When two or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution through natural selection |
| Symbiosis | Interaction between organisms of two different species with direct physical contact |
| Mutualism | +/+ interaction which is often obligatory (the species cannot live without each other) |
| Endosymbiosis | A species living inside its host |
| Parasitism | +/- interaction where a parasite lives in or on a host |
| Pathogen | Disease causing microorganism |
| Commensalism | +/0 interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected |
| Competition | -/- interaction where two or more species rely on the same limited resource |
| Competitive exclusion principle | Two species that share the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely |
| Niche | The sum of an organism's use of resources in its environment |
| Fundamental niche | The greatest possible range of resources |
| Realized niche | The portion of the fundamental niche an organism actually uses |
| Character displacement | Greater differences in a trait when two species co-occur than when separated |
| Resource partitioning | The division of limited resources to reduce competition |
| Trophic structure | Who eats what/whom |
| Primary producer | (The first trophic level) Any organism that can convert light or chemical energy into organic matter |
| Primary consumer | (The second trophic level) Herbivores that eat primary producers |
| Secondary consumer | (The third trophic level) Mostly carnivores that eat primary consumers |
| Tertiary consumer | (The fourth trophic level) Carnivores that eat secondary consumers |
| Omnivory | Organisms that eat at multiple trophic levels |
| Detritivory | Organisms eating detritus (material that died naturally, not from being killed) |
| Diet shifts | Herbivore at one age and predator at another |
| Trophic cascade | Powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems |
| Top down control | Predators shape community structure |
| Bottom up control | Nutrient availability shapes community structure |
| Autotrophy | Producing your own food and using it |
| Gross primary production | Rate of production of chemical energy |
| Net primary production | Rate of generation of new autotrophic biomass (growth) |
| Heterotrophy | Getting energy-rich chemicals from an external source |
| Energy pyramid | A graphical representation of the energy found within the trophic levels of an ecosystem |
| 10% rule | Only about 10% of energy stored as biomass in a trophic level is passed to the next level |
| Nutrient | Element needed to build living organisms |
| Macronutrient | Nutrients your body needs in larger amounts (carbs, protein, and fat) |
| Micronutrient | Nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts (vitamins and minerals) |
| Uptake | The transfer of substances from the environment to plants, animals, and humans |
| Mineralization | The conversion of biomass to gaseous form, water, salts, and minerals |
| Anthropocene | The period of time during which human activities have impacted the environment enough to constitute a distinct geological change |
| Ecosystem services | Any benefit that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people |
| Natural capital | The stock of renewable and non-renewable resources that combine to yield benefits to people |
| Provisioning services | Any benefit to people that can be extracted from nature |
| Regulating services | Any benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena (pollination, decomposition, water purification etc) |
| Cultural services | The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems |
| Supporting services | Providing living spaces for plants or animals and maintaining diversity |
| Red list | Keeps track of species status, mostly plants and vertebrates |
| Invasion meltdown | Early invaders alter habitat and open door for more invasion |
| Macroevolution | Large scale changes above species levels |
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elizaa_22
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